Erikosonian Psychosocial Tradition And Social Identity Theory

Erikosonian Psychosocial Tradition And Social Identity Theory Several psychological theories have attempted to provide a definition of identity and an explanation of the processes that develop it. Many theorists see identity development as a means for an individual to explain the present as a bridge from the past to the future, agreeing that identity consists of both individual and social elements. This essay aims to consider the contributions and implications posed by two different associated fields of study; the Erikosonian Psychosocial tradition and Social Identity Theory. Eriksons Psycho-social method was the first identity theory to provide an explanation between our self image (psycho) and the others in the community (social). He proposed individuals must have a stable sense of core identity, as failure to do so would mean the individual may be subject to an identity crisis. This is not to say that people must never experience a conflict of interest between individual needs and social demands. In fact Erikson argued that only by the successful resolution of these normative crises is the achievement of identity possible. He went on to identify eight stages in this life-long development of identity, marked by a distinct conflict, for which successful, normative crisis resolution would result in a favourable outcome. According to Erikson, the most important conflict takes place during adolescence, the fifth psychosocial age. Here the individual re-evaluates everything that was established in childhood by enduring psychosocial moratorium. During this so cially approved period of uncertainity, the indiviual can experieent with dfferent scial roles and consquently personality, self concept and self worth, may all be altered. Psychosocial Theory is a persuasive model. It is both accessible and relevant, resulting in Erikson being highly regarded amongst psychologists. He has been described as a visionary, providing a basis for the work of James Marcia on different forms of identity. The theory is still relevant in todays modern life, due to its utility in many professional arenas [such as] clinical, theoretical and empirical (McKinney, 2001). Erikson has had a huge impact in child development, resulting in teachers, parents and counselors drawing on ideals of his to support their work. Theorists such as Mary Ainsworth, who studied attachment in infancy explained concepts similar to those of Erikson, offering credibility to his work. The approach has been useful for understanding and explaining how personality and behaviour manifest, and therefore has become a much-used tool in dealing with conflict managent and in general self-awareness. It also provides a convincing explaination for many current issues, such as bullying in school. During stage 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and current racial issues and why it can cause so much aggression and understanding of motives behind terrorism. However the theory does not go without criticism. Santrock (2004) highlights research which suggests that identity formation does not begin or end in adolescence, that the conflict is notably less dramatic than proposed, and that in fact some individuals go through their teenage years without any real problems at all. It therefore seems that erikson may have placed too much emphasis on adolescence. This maybe due to eriksons own personal experiences having an effect on his interpretation of results. His young life was fraught with problems, not least being tall and blond and living in a jewish neighbourhood, with a jewish step-family. This need for acceptance and the conflict associated with being different became important themes in his theory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Based on field work, so reliable as in own environment; He studied combat crises in U.S. soldiers during World War II, child-rearing practices in Native American communities and soci al behavior in India. There are two basic problems with the pychosocial approach to identity. Firstly that large social group were ignored beause although Erikson believed person and social were interlinked, he treated them separately. And secondily Erikson focused on individual identities to explain how people identitfy with indivudal groups. Sit:- 700 words get down to 200! social identity theory (SIT) aims to resolve some of these problems highlighted with the pychosocial tradition, by producing a social rather than individual focus on identity, empahsising on the way we compare ourselves to others. concerned with when and why individuals identify with, and behave as part of, social groups, adopting shared attitudes. Tajfel, the founder of the theory, directly challenged the eriksons concept that group behaviour could be explained by looking at the psychology of individuals. He studied the relationships between people and proposed two separate sub-systems; Personal Identity (describing oneself as a friend or parent for example) and Social Identity (in instances such as referring to gender, race or religion). Their alternative theory suggested a distinctive level of collective psychological processes. This meant that people acted as group members as well as individuals. Their central idea was that behaviour and identity operated on a continuum based on situation, ranging from the highly individual and unique at one end (purely interpersonal), to the collective and common at the other (purely intergroup).The theorys fundamental idea is that identity is drawn from selfcatagorisation, when describing characteristics from our social group. This provides labels for ourselves, in turn provding rules for our behaviour. The category in which we place ourselves is called the ingroup. There is a sence of elitism and a tendency to exclude others; the outgroup. Tajfel research aimed to consider this discrimination between the groups, by proposing superficial differences, he split participants into inial groups and subjected the to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.he concluded that this was sufficient enough to generate predujices. This has been demonstrated, for instance in one example where school boys were placed in groups based on preference for abstract painters such as Klee or Kandinsky. Even using this trivial basis for grouping, and despite the fact th at the school boys didnt know who was in the groups, the boys allocated more resources towards ingroup members than outgroup members. In addition, the resources were given to other individuals in a group instead of the group as a whole, so the boys were not just giving resources to themselves out of self-interest.[13] This experiment was especially interesting because it challenged other models of intergroup interaction which are based on the idea that discrimination between groups happens because there is a clear reason for it, such as a competition for resources or a conflict of interests between the groups. Sit proposes that the reason for this discrimination is because of the need to belong to a group, taht are distinctive and have a high status, it boosts self esteem by making the other group inferior however sit argues that the resistance to this prejudice can result in some individuals seeking to iprove their status by using social obility or leaving behind their soial group. Others may attept social change, by social creativietly, a redefition of the group or through social competition, actively dmenading alternative social ideas in regard to a particular group. People dont like being in the out goup; so one answer is Moving to another group, but requires social mobility to be practicable. For instance, this may be viable in the case of social class or a job, but not so much in groups based on race or gender for example. Social mobility is at the individualistic end of the social behaviour continuum suggested by social identity theory.At the other end of the continuum, group level strategies focus on direct competition. But for this to be possible, there needs to be a belief that change is genuinely possible as well as desirable. In addition, group members need to perceive the current relationships with other groups to be unjustified.Finally, if neither of the above two options are viable, members of groups wishing to change their status may decide to compare themselves using different criteria where they compare more favourably, or focus on comparisons with a different group compared to whom they fare better. People can also choose to redef ine the negative elements of their group identity, or even redefine the group identity itself. These actions are not as effective as the others described above, but do allow group members to contend in a small way with the undesirable current perception of their group. Good bits Attepts to explain prejudies and self esteem, where erikson did not. Self-categorization theory grew from Tajfel and Turners early work on social identity. It is a development of social identity theory, specifically in the part of the relationship between group behaviour and self-concept that describes the social cognitive processes that create social identity effects. The theory describes how people define themselves at a group level but also at an individual level.[4][15] It considers group and individual identities to be at different levels of self-categorization, and more distinct from each other than social identity theory does. For instance, individuals can have several different group identities (e.g. gender, occupation, or nationality) and also several different individual identities depending on context (e.g. how someone considers themself as a male or how they consider themselves compared to their colleagues at work).[16][17] This concept of a hierarchy of different identities replaced the continuum in social identity theory, and allowed an individual an unlimited range of identities based on context.[18] The salience of a particular group identity is based on how accessible a categorization is to an individual, and how well it fits the social context (e.g. bearing in mind what the individual wants to achieve with their behaviour, or what they did last time they were in the situation). For instance, when discussing political issues in a conversation, nationality may become more salient.[19] Bad triviualise issues such as diability Ethical ? Labtest unreliable? Can results be applied to real life stuations. Some criritces cos it trear groups as indivudals (see bx on pg 66) Conclusion:- Although Eriksons theory of identity development is widely cited, other theories provide important knowledge about identity and its development. However Eriksons work is as relevant today as when he first outlined his original theory, in fact given the modern pressures on society, family and relationships and the quest for personal development and fulfilment his ideas are probably more relevant now than ever. Erikson was keen to improve the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life, beyond the clinical and counselling professions. Eriksons psychosocial theory is. As with any concept there are critics, but generally Eriksons theory is considered fundamentally significant. Erikson was a psychoanalyst and also a humanitarian. So his theory is useful far beyond psychoanalysis its useful for any application involving personal awareness and development of oneself or others. Social learning theories expand the constructs of self concept and self worth as the basis of self description in late childhood. Cognitive development theory describes the age-related processes leading to a childs limitation before adolescence and competence during adolescence for establishing identity. Researchers investigating Eriksons theory of identity development have provided important modifications to the theory.

Capital Punishment - The View of International and National Courts :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Capital Punishment and International and National Courts    Around the world we travel in this paper, which reviews the attitude of courts worldwide regarding the death penalty.    By way of international courts, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC), in a judgement which may have far-reaching consequences on death penalty cases in the English-speaking Caribbean, commuted the death sentences of six convicted prisoners in Jamaica on 12 September. The JCPC which serves as the final appeal court for English-speaking Caribbean countries such as Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados and the Bahamas, ruled that it is unlawful to execute prisoners whose appeals are pending before international bodies such as the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee.    The JCPC also ruled that the Jamaican Privy Council (Mercy Committee) when considering whether to exercise the prerogative of mercy, must provide prisoners with an effective and adequate opportunity to participate in the mercy process, including notification of the date on which the Mercy Committee will consider the case and the opportunity to make informed representations to the Committee and to challenge any inaccurate information before it. This judgement overrules previous decisions of the JCPC and other Caribbean courts, including the 1996 decision from the Bahamas, in which the JCPC had held that a condemned prisoner had no rights before the Mercy Committee.    The International Court of Justice (ICJ) held public hearings in the LaGrand case (Germany v the USA) from 13 - 17 November in The Hague. For the first time in its history, the ICJ has been asked to determine what remedies are required under international law when arrested foreign nationals are not informed of their consular rights and are then sentenced to death.    German nationals Karl and Walter LaGrand were sentenced to death in Arizona, USA, for killing a bank manager during a robbery in 1982. Although the local authorities were aware of their nationality, the two brothers were arrested, tried and sentenced to death without being advised of their right to consular notification and assistance, as required under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Germany maintains that the treaty violation contributed to the death sentences by preventing consular assistance in the gathering of mitigating evidence for presentation at the sentencing stage of the trial. German consular officers only became aware of the case 10 years after the trial when they were contacted by the LaGrands, who had finally learned of their right to consular assistance, not from the Arizona authorities but from other prison inmates.

Whistle Blowing

A whistleblower is someone that raises a concern about a wrongdoing that is happening in their company or organization. There are many things that the whistleblower can reveal such as the breaking of laws, exposing fraud, corruption, or health and safety violations. These allegations can expressed to the people that run the company or organization and they can be expressed to the outside world such as the media or law enforcement. The whistleblower normally faces reprisal from their company, related organizations, or sometimes from the law.Whistle blowing happens when people get caught between business and social responsibility. They have to decide what is best for the business and what is best for the world. In the Insider Big tobacco denies that nicotine is an addictive drug. Jeff Wigand is a tobacco executive and has to decide whether or not give an interview with 60 minutes about cigarettes and if nicotine is and addictive drug or not. Jeff signed a confidentiality agreement with his company saying that he will not disclose any information about nicotine.Even though he is fired and receives death threats, Jeff decides to give the interview and whistle blow on his company by exposing the facts about nicotine that his company was hiding. There are three elements in whistle blowing and when these elements are combined they make whistle blowing very bitter and distaste full. They are dissent, accusation, and breach of loyalty. Dissent is a disagreement with a superior or the majority which can be hard to do in a work environment.Whistle blowing’s dissent is shedding light on a risk and assigning responsibility for the risk. The whistleblower also accuses someone of who is often higher on the corporate ladder than him. When he accuses this person it is like he calls that person a foul and that gets the strongest reaction from that person and they try to defend themselves. The whistleblower is calling out his own colleagues and this is seen as a breach of loyalty because he has certain obligations to his colleagues and this loyalty is put against the public interest.There are many different views on when it is appropriate to whistle blow. Michael McFarland uses a study by Simon, Powers, and Gunneman that there are four factors that must be present in order to morally require someone to go and help another person. They are that there is a critical need for the help, is within the â€Å"network of social relations† which means a person duty to family, friends and so on, the ability to help without damage to self, and the lack of other sources of help.McFarland states suggests that engineers should be held to a higher standard of social responsibility than ordinary individuals but the responsibility should be dispersed among all of the members of the engineering society instead of just an individual engineer. He uses the example of Kitty Genovese. Kitty was murdered and many people in her apartment building either watched or list ened and did nothing. It has been argued that had the neighbors banned together they could have prevented the murder. McFarland uses this example to show that when no other sources of help are available that engineers should take responsibility by banding together.McFarland encourages engineers to change their thinking of individual responsibility to the responsibility of the engineering profession on a broader level. Richard De George states that loyalty to the company is the most important thing for a person to have. He gives three requirements for a person to have permissibility to whistle blow which are as follows. If harm to the public will be serous and considerable, if the person informs their superiors of the problem and nothing is done, and if the person informs everyone above them on the cooperate ladder and nothing is done.George also gives requirements for when whistle blowing is a moral obligation of a person. They include the three previously stated requirements and th at the person has documentation about their concern and that there is strong evidence that making their concerns know to the public will stop the problem. This seems like good criteria for a person to whistle blow but this approach can take a long time to complete because sometimes informing all the people above the whistleblower on the cooperate ladder can be an extensive process. This caused the Challenger disaster.The shuttle that was launched prior to the challenger had many time because of weather and mechanical factors. NASA did not want delay the launch of the Challenger so the launch pad could be refurbished on time and so it would launch at the same time as President Reagan gave his State of the Union address. The Challenger uses solid rocket boosters with solid fuel to overcome Earth’s gravity. These boosters are assembled with four segments that are held together by two O rings. The O rings keep hot gas from escaping from the motor.Heat putty is used to separate th e rubber rings and the hot gases. Engineers discover that the O rings may not be able to keep the boosters sealed at temperatures lower than 40o F and they brought this up to their superiors. The superiors disagreed and thought that the O rings would hold regardless of the temperature. The night before the launch the temperature dropped greatly below the safety limits of the O rings. Ice formed on the pad and some fell on a booster cooling it to 28o F causing the seal to fail. The shuttle was launched and fifty nine seconds later the shuttle exploded.Had the engineers whistle blowed instead of bringing up the problem all of their superiors then the shuttle may have not launched. While they did not have enough low temperature data to prove that it was dangerous to launch, they also did not have enough data to prove that it was safe enough to launch. Had they gone to the media there may have been enough public support against the launch for NASA to delay it. We will never know. What w e do know is that informing all of the engineer’s superiors took too long and the engineers did not have enough time to try and find another way to stop the shuttle launch.The National Society of Professional Engineers’ Code of Ethics for engineers has six fundamental cannons that state that for engineers to fulfill their professional duties they must, hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, perform services only in areas of their competence, issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner, act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, avoid deceptive acts, and conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.The first principle states that an engineer has the duty to the public’s safety, health and welfare before a duty to a client or employer. This keeps an engineer protected in the event of whistle blowing. Some c odes even go as far as disciplining or revoking the engineer’s license if the engineer fails to report something that the engineer knew was not in the public’s best interest.Having this principle in the Code of Ethics has help justify whistle blowing by engineers and has the courts often side with engineer, overruling confidentiality agreements and duties to employers that in the past would have prevented the engineer from speaking out. I believe that whistle blowing is a necessary part of being an engineer. It gives the engineer some power over the company or organization that has hired them.If the company fears that the engineer may go and tell the public things that the company does that are harmful to the public, the company will try to avoid doing things that are harmful to the public. While whistle blowing is often times distasteful and hard to do, it is often a necessity. There are companies in the world that only care about making a profit and do not worry abou t the public’s health.These companies need the help of engineers to design their projects which gives the engineers insight that the public will not have. While the engineers have loyalty to the company that they work for, it is also the engineers’ duty to the public to make sure that the company acts in the public’s best interest. And if the engineers can not convince the company that what they are doing is wrong, then it is time to bring the act to the public’s attention. Whistle Blowing A whistleblower is someone that raises a concern about a wrongdoing that is happening in their company or organization. There are many things that the whistleblower can reveal such as the breaking of laws, exposing fraud, corruption, or health and safety violations. These allegations can expressed to the people that run the company or organization and they can be expressed to the outside world such as the media or law enforcement. The whistleblower normally faces reprisal from their company, related organizations, or sometimes from the law.Whistle blowing happens when people get caught between business and social responsibility. They have to decide what is best for the business and what is best for the world. In the Insider Big tobacco denies that nicotine is an addictive drug. Jeff Wigand is a tobacco executive and has to decide whether or not give an interview with 60 minutes about cigarettes and if nicotine is and addictive drug or not. Jeff signed a confidentiality agreement with his company saying that he will not disclose any information about nicotine.Even though he is fired and receives death threats, Jeff decides to give the interview and whistle blow on his company by exposing the facts about nicotine that his company was hiding. There are three elements in whistle blowing and when these elements are combined they make whistle blowing very bitter and distaste full. They are dissent, accusation, and breach of loyalty. Dissent is a disagreement with a superior or the majority which can be hard to do in a work environment.Whistle blowing’s dissent is shedding light on a risk and assigning responsibility for the risk. The whistleblower also accuses someone of who is often higher on the corporate ladder than him. When he accuses this person it is like he calls that person a foul and that gets the strongest reaction from that person and they try to defend themselves. The whistleblower is calling out his own colleagues and this is seen as a breach of loyalty because he has certain obligations to his colleagues and this loyalty is put against the public interest.There are many different views on when it is appropriate to whistle blow. Michael McFarland uses a study by Simon, Powers, and Gunneman that there are four factors that must be present in order to morally require someone to go and help another person. They are that there is a critical need for the help, is within the â€Å"network of social relations† which means a person duty to family, friends and so on, the ability to help without damage to self, and the lack of other sources of help.McFarland states suggests that engineers should be held to a higher standard of social responsibility than ordinary individuals but the responsibility should be dispersed among all of the members of the engineering society instead of just an individual engineer. He uses the example of Kitty Genovese. Kitty was murdered and many people in her apartment building either watched or list ened and did nothing. It has been argued that had the neighbors banned together they could have prevented the murder. McFarland uses this example to show that when no other sources of help are available that engineers should take responsibility by banding together.McFarland encourages engineers to change their thinking of individual responsibility to the responsibility of the engineering profession on a broader level. Richard De George states that loyalty to the company is the most important thing for a person to have. He gives three requirements for a person to have permissibility to whistle blow which are as follows. If harm to the public will be serous and considerable, if the person informs their superiors of the problem and nothing is done, and if the person informs everyone above them on the cooperate ladder and nothing is done.George also gives requirements for when whistle blowing is a moral obligation of a person. They include the three previously stated requirements and th at the person has documentation about their concern and that there is strong evidence that making their concerns know to the public will stop the problem. This seems like good criteria for a person to whistle blow but this approach can take a long time to complete because sometimes informing all the people above the whistleblower on the cooperate ladder can be an extensive process. This caused the Challenger disaster.The shuttle that was launched prior to the challenger had many time because of weather and mechanical factors. NASA did not want delay the launch of the Challenger so the launch pad could be refurbished on time and so it would launch at the same time as President Reagan gave his State of the Union address. The Challenger uses solid rocket boosters with solid fuel to overcome Earth’s gravity. These boosters are assembled with four segments that are held together by two O rings. The O rings keep hot gas from escaping from the motor.Heat putty is used to separate th e rubber rings and the hot gases. Engineers discover that the O rings may not be able to keep the boosters sealed at temperatures lower than 40o F and they brought this up to their superiors. The superiors disagreed and thought that the O rings would hold regardless of the temperature. The night before the launch the temperature dropped greatly below the safety limits of the O rings. Ice formed on the pad and some fell on a booster cooling it to 28o F causing the seal to fail. The shuttle was launched and fifty nine seconds later the shuttle exploded.Had the engineers whistle blowed instead of bringing up the problem all of their superiors then the shuttle may have not launched. While they did not have enough low temperature data to prove that it was dangerous to launch, they also did not have enough data to prove that it was safe enough to launch. Had they gone to the media there may have been enough public support against the launch for NASA to delay it. We will never know. What w e do know is that informing all of the engineer’s superiors took too long and the engineers did not have enough time to try and find another way to stop the shuttle launch.The National Society of Professional Engineers’ Code of Ethics for engineers has six fundamental cannons that state that for engineers to fulfill their professional duties they must, hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public, perform services only in areas of their competence, issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner, act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, avoid deceptive acts, and conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.The first principle states that an engineer has the duty to the public’s safety, health and welfare before a duty to a client or employer. This keeps an engineer protected in the event of whistle blowing. Some c odes even go as far as disciplining or revoking the engineer’s license if the engineer fails to report something that the engineer knew was not in the public’s best interest.Having this principle in the Code of Ethics has help justify whistle blowing by engineers and has the courts often side with engineer, overruling confidentiality agreements and duties to employers that in the past would have prevented the engineer from speaking out. I believe that whistle blowing is a necessary part of being an engineer. It gives the engineer some power over the company or organization that has hired them.If the company fears that the engineer may go and tell the public things that the company does that are harmful to the public, the company will try to avoid doing things that are harmful to the public. While whistle blowing is often times distasteful and hard to do, it is often a necessity. There are companies in the world that only care about making a profit and do not worry abou t the public’s health.These companies need the help of engineers to design their projects which gives the engineers insight that the public will not have. While the engineers have loyalty to the company that they work for, it is also the engineers’ duty to the public to make sure that the company acts in the public’s best interest. And if the engineers can not convince the company that what they are doing is wrong, then it is time to bring the act to the public’s attention.

Event Proposal - 3673 Words

Event Management Plan Template and Guidance Notes |Event Name | | |Event Location | | |Event Date | | |Organisation | | |Document last updated†¦show more content†¦The more notice you can give, the better. As a general rule: †¢ For events with up to 1,000 people, you need to give 3 months’ notice. †¢ For events with 1,000 – 5,000 people, you need to give 6 months’ notice. †¢ For events with over 5,000 people, you need to give 12 months’ notice. When you submit your event management plan, we will tell you if you need to attend an Events Advisory Group meeting to discuss the event and answer any questions that the emergency services or the Council may have. Event management Event overview Provide a brief summary (one or two paragraphs) of what your event will involve. 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How Video Games Impact Emotional Expression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2124 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category Entertainment Essay Level High school Topics: Video Games Essay Did you like this example? Video game history began in October 1958, where a physicist by the name of William Higinbotham showcased a basic tennis game, similar to the 1975 hit Pong. And as with everything new to the world, video games almost immediately picked of negative criticism, also, that criticism seemed to only grow as video games progressed throughout the decades. In 1976, Death Race, the first contentious video game was released and was pulled off the shelf because its content was found unsuitable for play, the idea of a game based around vehicular homicide was something the world wasn’t ready for, thus it was pulled off of shelves.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Video Games Impact Emotional Expression?" essay for you Create order But the real controversy didn’t arrive until 1997 when a lawsuit was made for the parents of three victims of the Heath High School shooting of 1997. â€Å"Anti-video games activist and attorney Jack Thompson file the first of what are to be a large number of lawsuits claiming video games are responsible for violence perpetrated by teens.†(NCAC, 1997) It was this same argument and others like it that birthed the question of whether or not video games lead to violent behavior, and the notion was that they did. This idea of video games causing violence and thus, ultimately, being bad for you, carried on into my childhood where I was constantly told how bad and violent they were, inspiring me to conduct my own research on the topic. The vast majority of past research focuses on short-term effects of video games, which I will address, however, research dealing within the moment and longitudinal impacts are scarce. People shouldn’t be allowed to use video games as a scapegoat for who or what is at fault for causing violence in adolescence. My research will revolve around these will also taking a look at these impacts in the context of solo play and cooperative play. â€Å"General† Sources for Video Games and Expression Results were broad ranging for research that studies short-term impacts. A research report titled Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents (Salguero R. Moran R., 2002) holds results saying essentially that; excessive gaming, measured with PvP, can spur problems that eerily resemble a dependence syndrome. The method results within this remain similar to the majority of other research. According to Self-transcendence and Self-oriented Perspective as Mediators Between Video Game Playing and Aggressive Behaviour in Teenagers, there’s a definitive correlation between video game playing and aggressive/antisocial behavior. The (Espinosa P. and Clemente M., 2013) there is a direct effect of the amount of video game played on aggression, even when violent content is controlled, the results still emerge similarly. Griffiths (1999) took a more formal approach by allotting play time to subjects, during that they would play a genre of games and have their aggression monitored. This method could interfere with the accuracy of the results by putting the young subjects in such a mechanical process, a process that could very well make them uncomfortable in a way that inhibits their emotional expression. Another very similar study (Olson, Cheryl K., Kutner, Lawrence A., Baer, Lee, Beresin, Eugene V., Warner, Dorothy E., Nicholi II, and Armand M., 2009) looked into the link between violent video games and violent/delinquent behavior. The results showed that there is a noticeable link between M-rated video games and delinquent. The method used was monitoring and analyzing the behavior of the subject. This made me wonder if there are any benefits of violent video games. Similar experiments with similar result took place with Colburn (2010) but through the perspective of an idea known as the social learning theory. This study found that there is a noticeable correlation between video game play and teen aggression. The study also says that the development of hostile behavior/aggression will come playing multiple violent video game’s or playing on a regular basis. Colburn makes use of the method of social learning theory (SLT). A process based on behavioral analyzation. I wanted to know what other people saw as the issue with video games so I found an article, The Real Problem With Video Games (Schiesel, 2018) by Seth Schiesel, this article claims that video games causing violence isn’t an issue because there’s no real evidence connecting the two, as Schiesel said, â€Å"Decades of research, after all, have failed to find any significant relationship between playing violent video games and behaving violently in real life.† Schiesel then goes off to claim that the violence among youth spawns from creative writing educators seek to foster because the United States Secret Service and the Department of Education studied violence in schools, they found that 37 percent of attackers exhibited an interest in violence in their own writings, such as poems, essays, or journal entries, while only 12 percent exhibited an interest in violent video games. This claim seemed very brazen but it’s actually well supported. This new perspecti ve shies away from the traditional black and white view of video games either causing violence in youth or not. It opens up a middle ground of there being an outside catalyst and with this new middle ground supported by data, both sides could discuss it without having to have a mental clash over the role video games play in youth violence. Fact or Fiction?: Video Games Are the Future of Education is an article that presents multiple perspectives on the topic of video games. One such perspective is that of the teachers who wish to educate, supply new forms of learning and new concepts via video games. Some people even believe video games to be the new learning format of the future. Opposing views argue that video game skills cannot be translated into higher test scores or grades. I agree that the jump from video game high scores to high test scores doesnt seem all that plausible, however, it seems as though this argument is centered around the test scores and not the actual learning that gets done by the children, thus, depreciating the value of the arguers claim. Alternate Uses for Video Games In life most problems don’t have one solution, most of them can be solved with different approaches. Take for example depression, you can’t just pop a few pills and be cured, they may be effective but interacting with people, getting out the house more and, for many people, various personal ways. This article explores the impact of a video meant to target depression in teens and its other users as well. The video game was successful in its goal of lowering depression. Video games like this will revolutionize the gaming world and experience with their innovative ideas, ideas that utilize video games as alternate sources of interaction or, in this case, healing. The study, published in the latest issue of BMJ, has shown that the game was at least as effective as counseling in helping treat depression and anxiety in a study group of kids averaging 15 years old. According to the editor, â€Å"In fact, it worked better, reducing symptoms of depression more than treatment as usual.† (Medgadget, 2012) Sparx seems like a promising new way to combat depression. As a kid I never just played video games, to fully enjoy the game I had to submerge myself into that virtual reality, in that state, when I played, I felt as if I was the character completing the quests and missions, it was the only way for me to play the game. According to, the moderately liberal media source, The Atlantic’s article, The Good and the Bad of Escaping to Virtual Reality via Monica Kim, If virtual reality becomes a part of people’s day-to-day lives, more and more people may prefer to spend a majority of their time in virtual spaces. This can be beneficial, to an extent of course. Imagine you’re doing an essay on city life in China but the only resources you have at your disposal are articles and movies that you’ve watched, that wont make for a great essay because one, you’re reading from mainly the point of view of others and two, for the most part, you’re watching stereotypes. But here’s potential a solution, create a virtual reality video game in which the objectives are centered around exploring China, while you rack up achievements, you’ll be inadvertently learning about China in a way that doesn’t bore you and won’t fell hard to memorize. I can agree with the author that, this technological paradigm shift brings a level of immersion unlike any that has come before it, primarily because there has been no innovation like virtual reality until the arrival of virtual reality, cell phones, and the internet may allow you to connect to places around the world via communication, images, and research but VR will place you in the desired environment, enabling you to interact with foreign lands from the comfort of your own home. However, I don’t particularly agree that virtual reality can become integrated into the day-to-day lives of people or that they may prefer to spend a majority of their time in virtual spaces. One reason is that Kim claims that VR will absorb all the attention of everyone when that’s not the case. People are still human, we thrive on human interaction, so people will still interact with one another away from VR, while you could argue that people could simply interact via VR, yes that is possible but you can’t go to the park, play sports, go out to eat, the movies, or even walk to school together with VR, you have to take time away from it and people will. This is a unique and innovative way to use a video that involves zero violence. Cooperative v Solo Gaming My research also looks at gaming impacts but in the scope of cooperative gaming versus solo play. Ewoldsen, David R., Eno, Cassie A., Okdie, Bradley M., Velez, John A., Guadagno, Rosanna E., DeCoster, Jamie.’s article (2012) looks at the difference in behavioral impact co-op and PvP gaming. They concluded that playing video games co-op and PvP, neither yielded serious results as to negative emotional expression, gender wasn’t a significant factor. The method utilized was having 119 participants play Halo II and later have their behavior and behavioral shifts monitored. However, they don’t speak about emotional expression in terms of solo vs co-op. However, results yielded differently for Greitemeyer T. and Cox C. (2013), they arrived at the conclusion that co-op gaming leads to increased cohesion, causing more trust cooperative behavior. The method used 52 subjects that were paired up and assigned either a co-op game or a solo game and their scores and team behavior were monitored and logged. For me, this raised the question of whether or not co-op games lead to more emotional expression than solo. The results for Noah J. Adam, Sotaro Shimada, Atsumichi Tachibana, Bronner S. (2015) were more alternate than different, it held a few similarities. The results depicted that sympathetic tone changes during cooperative gameplay. The research determined that game playing with sympathetic tone often leads to higher scores, however, there were higher stress levels among players. Meanwhile, it was the opposite for solo players with somewhat lower scores but also less stressful. The method utilized was having two locations, an area where cooperation and teamwork were emphasized, and an environment where solo achievement was emphasized, both groups played â€Å"Tengen Tetris†, player scores (solo and co-op) were then logged and compared. This raises the question of whether solo or co-op gaming leads to heightened emotional expression. Video Games Studies with a Gender Component Most studies either neglected to take into account gender differences or stated that they were negligible. However, Adachi, Paul J.C., and Willoughby, Teena’s (2016) takes that into serious consideration. This article looks at the correlation between competition and adolescent aggression. Results showed there was a correlation between competitive game play and aggression. The method used was to take a roughly 50:50 male-to-female group and have them play competitive video games or compete in games, their behavior was then recorded. This raises the question of whether it was the competitive gaming or competition in general that caused the increase in aggression. I plan on using a mixed method of observation tally and interview questions. This topic is rarely researched and when it is, the researcher looks only to prove their current bias. But to ensure that my research doesnt follow a similar path I plan to base all my research off in the moment assessments of myself and others who play video games in participation with my experiment. Does playing video games actually lead to aggressive/delinquent behavior? More specifically, does video game content impact the type and how much emotion will be expressed?

Non Small Cell Lung Cancer - 1016 Words

Non-Small cell lung cancer is one of two major cancers that affect smokers and nonsmokers. About 85% of lung cancers are non-small cancers, and at least 80% of that comes from smoking (American Cancer Society). In the United States, lung cancer is the second cancer most frequently diagnosed in both men and women and remains the major cause of cancer-related death.(Jan A. Burger, 2012). It mostly affects group ages from little as 6 to old as 60+. The factors that lead people to get this cancer of the lungs is by tobacco smoke which the biggest risk factor (Tobacco smoke also contains a large amount of free radical oxygen that can cause oxidation of the DNA nucleobase guanine to form 8-oxoguanine resulting in G to T substitutions and gene†¦show more content†¦Cigarette smoke is harmful and it contains over 60 known carcinogens particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolically activate these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons an d nitrosamines, which can then bind to DNA leading to DNA adducts.(Br Med Bull (2010). These carcinogens are main reasons that a person who smokes a lot of cigarette is likely to get lung cancer, or that person may not cancer at all. Genetic studies have identified a nicotine dependence locus on chromosome 15q24-25, which includes the ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±5-ÃŽ ±3-ÃŽ ²4 nicotinic receptor gene cluster. A polymorphism, which alters an amino acid in the ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±5 nicotinic receptor subunit, also influences the risk for lung cancer, COPD and vascular disease (Br Med Bull (2010)). Chronic inflammation predispose of lung cancer. Chronic lung inflammation predisposes to lung cancer. There is a 4–5 times greater risk for developing lung cancer among those with COPD independent of age or smoking history (Lee G 2009). Even among non-smokers, the presence of emphysema on CT scan or a history of COPD is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer (Yang P, Sun Z, Krowka MJ, 2008) Chronic persistent inflammation may also cause the usually quiescent bronchoalveolar stem cells

If You Were a Newspaper Publisher in a Local Community free essay sample

Newspaper is the most trusted information source that been used to deliver updated information to the whole people in the world. The newspaper industry dwarfs others media by almost every its operation and procedure. Newspaper, as we know, it issued by daily and weekly, consists with folded sheets containing news, advertisement, correspondence and feature articles. Deliver people a lot of information such as what was happened yesterday will be issued in the newspaper tomorrow.Feature articles may contain tremendous issues such as earthquakes, floods, wars, death of very an important person and many more. News are also may deliver via other mass medium such as television and radio. Perhaps they may stolen the glitz and romance of the newspaper once had, which people may miss about how much important is the newspaper. Unfortunately, newspaper is a large industry that occurs in every measure and even facing in crisis enough whereby readers among youngsters are hard to find like to read newspapers. According Thomas Jefferson, the Third American United States President, said that â€Å" were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. But I should mean that every man should receive those papers and be capable†. He displays that how much important is newspaper in daily life, which people are started to miss its significance.In most community, newspapers covers more news at greater depth in competing other media. A metropolitan daily, such as The News Strait Times, Utusan Malaysia, and The Star typically convey more news and more than television and radio’s news. Currently, as publishers, journalists, reporters and other positions that involved in newspaper industry, are facing a big question.For example in our country, in this era of globalization, we can see that young people are tend to avoid reading newspaper and this shows that the young people are dislike to read newspaper, obviously, when we see in the morning, most of customer’s of newspapers are consist by working people in the age of 35 years old and above and it seen as gloominess in publisher’s view. Questions are turn up in all the newspapers publisher’s organization. In this essay, I would like to d iscuss more about why do young people dislike to read newspaper, how to attract youngsters to read newspaper and should the newspaper writing style as to be simplified in order to be more accessible to young people. In my mind, if I were a publisher, the questions that almost appear, are newspapers dead? Does the youngsters have no interest in reading news in print? These questions generate many debates among media experts. In this view, newspaper needs people to read. In our sophisticated millennium generation, there are plenty of people that don’t know how to read. We go to school and we do learn reading. Reading habit is the basic of education and there are variety types of stories in reading interest.Mythologies of young people as readers in general and stereotypical too, viewed by Gavin Rheeder, the Manager of marketing communication of Beeld, perpetuates five myths of Afrikaans which are young people are in the homogenous group, young people don’t like to read, young people prefer more soft news and they prefer slang language than proper language. Research about the newspaper readers tells that it comes in all categories of ages, no matter old, middle ages and young which in grabbing higher percentage of newspaper readers are old people in majority. Youngsters knowledgeable as a group that has more interest on entertainment such as celebrities, movies and other leisure, likely more to social lifestyle. Obviously, newspaper is not dead in old generation, unfortunately, young people dislikes to read newspaper due of their interest in leisure and enjoyment. In the other side, young people are inspected that they have a high interest in reading comics such as Dragon Ball, Doraemon, novels such as romance and love types, fiction and imaginaries- Harry Potter as an example, gains trillions profits and royalties in print media which attract the youngsters to read the novels, consisting series.Twilight as other example, are also publishing the novels in series, after it comes out with a movie. Magazines as well captivate young people increasingly and it highlighted the updates of fashions, lifestyle and most of it are the stories and gossips among celebrities. Youngsters are tends to idol their favorite celebrities as their icons. Newsp aper, as well too, do appear the section of entertainment, but the problem is, young people gravitate towards entertainment pages only. Often happened, young people are observed, they hold the newspapers and despite reading important and educational articles, they read gossips and celebrities news. Nevertheless, young people gain less other part of educational information. For instances, lake in science and economical knowledge and in results, youngsters obtain imbalance information and have minor knowledge. In order to improve the number of readers among young people to read newspaper, tips and tricks has to think due to solve the problem.For me, as a publisher of newspaper, we should arise more attracting and interesting issues. For example, publishing newspaper in university, we should take note the student’s interest and deliver educational information that comes along with their interests such as discuss the problem that has faced by student and instructing a section for student give their feedbacks and responses of any future and highlight news so that they can speak out what they want and their curiosit y. Words of the day, thoughts, quotes and phrases are also may magnetize student’s attention. Advertisement such as printing, books and shops are also needed in order to give and provide tips and facile student to search what they need. In addition, by put some funny comics or something character of cartoons may also alluring readers attention and give some relaxation before the readers keep on reading the news. For an example, newspaper such as Kosmo, today, captured student interests and diversions. This show that student are attracted with its contents where they can send and give their responses, critics and praises.In the other side, arising the question that involving the credibility of newspaper should publisher simplified its writing style. As for me, newspaper should not simplify its writing style. Writing style is the credibility of newspaper that we can’t interrogate. Discussing about credibility of newspaper, western media would call our county’s mainstream media with labels such as pro-government, docile and others. But it is not about being docile, where in our country as well, we have to obey the rule and regulation.According Lee Kuan Yew, ex-president of Singapore said that, â€Å" freedom of the press, freedom of the news media, must be subordinated to the overriding need of integrity of Singapore, and to the primacy of purpose of an elected government. Singapore wants mass media to reinforce, not to undermine, the cultural values and social attitudes being inculcated in schools and universities. â€Å" This shows that we, as publisher, should count up with some other sensitive issues that shouldn’t been discuss in newspaper such as culture, religions and races issues.Malaysia is country that practiced democracy and consist variety types of races and religions, such as Chinese, Malay, Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Indian and many more. Press may be separate and being independent of the government but, circumstances has to be count due to prevent unexpected feedbacks from readers will happen. Simplify writing style such as changing proper English to slang English should not occur in the newspaper. It may decay the pride and credibility of newspaper. For instance, the word of want to change to wanna.Newspaper known as a formal reading item which the readers are come from many stages of people. King, Sultan, Prime Minister and other ministers do read newspaper. In other words, changing writing style of newspaper should not exist in order to protect the credibility of newspaper. Young people may see newspaper as a gloom and dull reading utilities, and to fix this perception, it is significant to us as the publisher to tell readers that newspaper is a vehicle in cater and deliver useful information to all people in this world. Newspaper in other words, is a reading item that brings us information and knows what happen in other country. War in Afghanistan for instance, newspaper comes out the articles and discuss by the gurus all over the world. Nevertheless, newspaper function as the medium that connect all people in this wide world to give support and decline for any bad temptation that had exist and happened on earth. Latest news, earthquake that just happened in Philippines drag public to know more about it, and as we can see, newspapers put this natural disaster as the main article.In conclusion, people needs newspaper in order to update news and in addition, it is the cheapest mass medium that can be own every people, no matter he or she is rich or poor. Newspaper definitely act as truthful information source and being fair to people. Proved by Herbert Bayard Swope, an American Journalist and Editor said that,† the first duty of a newspaper is to be accurate. If it be accurate, it follows that is fair â€Å" World is seems half empty without newspaper.