How Video Games Impact Emotional Expression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2124 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category Entertainment Essay Level High school Topics: Video Games Essay Did you like this example? Video game history began in October 1958, where a physicist by the name of William Higinbotham showcased a basic tennis game, similar to the 1975 hit Pong. And as with everything new to the world, video games almost immediately picked of negative criticism, also, that criticism seemed to only grow as video games progressed throughout the decades. In 1976, Death Race, the first contentious video game was released and was pulled off the shelf because its content was found unsuitable for play, the idea of a game based around vehicular homicide was something the world wasn’t ready for, thus it was pulled off of shelves.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Video Games Impact Emotional Expression?" essay for you Create order But the real controversy didn’t arrive until 1997 when a lawsuit was made for the parents of three victims of the Heath High School shooting of 1997. â€Å"Anti-video games activist and attorney Jack Thompson file the first of what are to be a large number of lawsuits claiming video games are responsible for violence perpetrated by teens.†(NCAC, 1997) It was this same argument and others like it that birthed the question of whether or not video games lead to violent behavior, and the notion was that they did. This idea of video games causing violence and thus, ultimately, being bad for you, carried on into my childhood where I was constantly told how bad and violent they were, inspiring me to conduct my own research on the topic. The vast majority of past research focuses on short-term effects of video games, which I will address, however, research dealing within the moment and longitudinal impacts are scarce. People shouldn’t be allowed to use video games as a scapegoat for who or what is at fault for causing violence in adolescence. My research will revolve around these will also taking a look at these impacts in the context of solo play and cooperative play. â€Å"General† Sources for Video Games and Expression Results were broad ranging for research that studies short-term impacts. A research report titled Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents (Salguero R. Moran R., 2002) holds results saying essentially that; excessive gaming, measured with PvP, can spur problems that eerily resemble a dependence syndrome. The method results within this remain similar to the majority of other research. According to Self-transcendence and Self-oriented Perspective as Mediators Between Video Game Playing and Aggressive Behaviour in Teenagers, there’s a definitive correlation between video game playing and aggressive/antisocial behavior. The (Espinosa P. and Clemente M., 2013) there is a direct effect of the amount of video game played on aggression, even when violent content is controlled, the results still emerge similarly. Griffiths (1999) took a more formal approach by allotting play time to subjects, during that they would play a genre of games and have their aggression monitored. This method could interfere with the accuracy of the results by putting the young subjects in such a mechanical process, a process that could very well make them uncomfortable in a way that inhibits their emotional expression. Another very similar study (Olson, Cheryl K., Kutner, Lawrence A., Baer, Lee, Beresin, Eugene V., Warner, Dorothy E., Nicholi II, and Armand M., 2009) looked into the link between violent video games and violent/delinquent behavior. The results showed that there is a noticeable link between M-rated video games and delinquent. The method used was monitoring and analyzing the behavior of the subject. This made me wonder if there are any benefits of violent video games. Similar experiments with similar result took place with Colburn (2010) but through the perspective of an idea known as the social learning theory. This study found that there is a noticeable correlation between video game play and teen aggression. The study also says that the development of hostile behavior/aggression will come playing multiple violent video game’s or playing on a regular basis. Colburn makes use of the method of social learning theory (SLT). A process based on behavioral analyzation. I wanted to know what other people saw as the issue with video games so I found an article, The Real Problem With Video Games (Schiesel, 2018) by Seth Schiesel, this article claims that video games causing violence isn’t an issue because there’s no real evidence connecting the two, as Schiesel said, â€Å"Decades of research, after all, have failed to find any significant relationship between playing violent video games and behaving violently in real life.† Schiesel then goes off to claim that the violence among youth spawns from creative writing educators seek to foster because the United States Secret Service and the Department of Education studied violence in schools, they found that 37 percent of attackers exhibited an interest in violence in their own writings, such as poems, essays, or journal entries, while only 12 percent exhibited an interest in violent video games. This claim seemed very brazen but it’s actually well supported. This new perspecti ve shies away from the traditional black and white view of video games either causing violence in youth or not. It opens up a middle ground of there being an outside catalyst and with this new middle ground supported by data, both sides could discuss it without having to have a mental clash over the role video games play in youth violence. Fact or Fiction?: Video Games Are the Future of Education is an article that presents multiple perspectives on the topic of video games. One such perspective is that of the teachers who wish to educate, supply new forms of learning and new concepts via video games. Some people even believe video games to be the new learning format of the future. Opposing views argue that video game skills cannot be translated into higher test scores or grades. I agree that the jump from video game high scores to high test scores doesnt seem all that plausible, however, it seems as though this argument is centered around the test scores and not the actual learning that gets done by the children, thus, depreciating the value of the arguers claim. Alternate Uses for Video Games In life most problems don’t have one solution, most of them can be solved with different approaches. Take for example depression, you can’t just pop a few pills and be cured, they may be effective but interacting with people, getting out the house more and, for many people, various personal ways. This article explores the impact of a video meant to target depression in teens and its other users as well. The video game was successful in its goal of lowering depression. Video games like this will revolutionize the gaming world and experience with their innovative ideas, ideas that utilize video games as alternate sources of interaction or, in this case, healing. The study, published in the latest issue of BMJ, has shown that the game was at least as effective as counseling in helping treat depression and anxiety in a study group of kids averaging 15 years old. According to the editor, â€Å"In fact, it worked better, reducing symptoms of depression more than treatment as usual.† (Medgadget, 2012) Sparx seems like a promising new way to combat depression. As a kid I never just played video games, to fully enjoy the game I had to submerge myself into that virtual reality, in that state, when I played, I felt as if I was the character completing the quests and missions, it was the only way for me to play the game. According to, the moderately liberal media source, The Atlantic’s article, The Good and the Bad of Escaping to Virtual Reality via Monica Kim, If virtual reality becomes a part of people’s day-to-day lives, more and more people may prefer to spend a majority of their time in virtual spaces. This can be beneficial, to an extent of course. Imagine you’re doing an essay on city life in China but the only resources you have at your disposal are articles and movies that you’ve watched, that wont make for a great essay because one, you’re reading from mainly the point of view of others and two, for the most part, you’re watching stereotypes. But here’s potential a solution, create a virtual reality video game in which the objectives are centered around exploring China, while you rack up achievements, you’ll be inadvertently learning about China in a way that doesn’t bore you and won’t fell hard to memorize. I can agree with the author that, this technological paradigm shift brings a level of immersion unlike any that has come before it, primarily because there has been no innovation like virtual reality until the arrival of virtual reality, cell phones, and the internet may allow you to connect to places around the world via communication, images, and research but VR will place you in the desired environment, enabling you to interact with foreign lands from the comfort of your own home. However, I don’t particularly agree that virtual reality can become integrated into the day-to-day lives of people or that they may prefer to spend a majority of their time in virtual spaces. One reason is that Kim claims that VR will absorb all the attention of everyone when that’s not the case. People are still human, we thrive on human interaction, so people will still interact with one another away from VR, while you could argue that people could simply interact via VR, yes that is possible but you can’t go to the park, play sports, go out to eat, the movies, or even walk to school together with VR, you have to take time away from it and people will. This is a unique and innovative way to use a video that involves zero violence. Cooperative v Solo Gaming My research also looks at gaming impacts but in the scope of cooperative gaming versus solo play. Ewoldsen, David R., Eno, Cassie A., Okdie, Bradley M., Velez, John A., Guadagno, Rosanna E., DeCoster, Jamie.’s article (2012) looks at the difference in behavioral impact co-op and PvP gaming. They concluded that playing video games co-op and PvP, neither yielded serious results as to negative emotional expression, gender wasn’t a significant factor. The method utilized was having 119 participants play Halo II and later have their behavior and behavioral shifts monitored. However, they don’t speak about emotional expression in terms of solo vs co-op. However, results yielded differently for Greitemeyer T. and Cox C. (2013), they arrived at the conclusion that co-op gaming leads to increased cohesion, causing more trust cooperative behavior. The method used 52 subjects that were paired up and assigned either a co-op game or a solo game and their scores and team behavior were monitored and logged. For me, this raised the question of whether or not co-op games lead to more emotional expression than solo. The results for Noah J. Adam, Sotaro Shimada, Atsumichi Tachibana, Bronner S. (2015) were more alternate than different, it held a few similarities. The results depicted that sympathetic tone changes during cooperative gameplay. The research determined that game playing with sympathetic tone often leads to higher scores, however, there were higher stress levels among players. Meanwhile, it was the opposite for solo players with somewhat lower scores but also less stressful. The method utilized was having two locations, an area where cooperation and teamwork were emphasized, and an environment where solo achievement was emphasized, both groups played â€Å"Tengen Tetris†, player scores (solo and co-op) were then logged and compared. This raises the question of whether solo or co-op gaming leads to heightened emotional expression. Video Games Studies with a Gender Component Most studies either neglected to take into account gender differences or stated that they were negligible. However, Adachi, Paul J.C., and Willoughby, Teena’s (2016) takes that into serious consideration. This article looks at the correlation between competition and adolescent aggression. Results showed there was a correlation between competitive game play and aggression. The method used was to take a roughly 50:50 male-to-female group and have them play competitive video games or compete in games, their behavior was then recorded. This raises the question of whether it was the competitive gaming or competition in general that caused the increase in aggression. I plan on using a mixed method of observation tally and interview questions. This topic is rarely researched and when it is, the researcher looks only to prove their current bias. But to ensure that my research doesnt follow a similar path I plan to base all my research off in the moment assessments of myself and others who play video games in participation with my experiment. Does playing video games actually lead to aggressive/delinquent behavior? More specifically, does video game content impact the type and how much emotion will be expressed?

Non Small Cell Lung Cancer - 1016 Words

Non-Small cell lung cancer is one of two major cancers that affect smokers and nonsmokers. About 85% of lung cancers are non-small cancers, and at least 80% of that comes from smoking (American Cancer Society). In the United States, lung cancer is the second cancer most frequently diagnosed in both men and women and remains the major cause of cancer-related death.(Jan A. Burger, 2012). It mostly affects group ages from little as 6 to old as 60+. The factors that lead people to get this cancer of the lungs is by tobacco smoke which the biggest risk factor (Tobacco smoke also contains a large amount of free radical oxygen that can cause oxidation of the DNA nucleobase guanine to form 8-oxoguanine resulting in G to T substitutions and gene†¦show more content†¦Cigarette smoke is harmful and it contains over 60 known carcinogens particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolically activate these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons an d nitrosamines, which can then bind to DNA leading to DNA adducts.(Br Med Bull (2010). These carcinogens are main reasons that a person who smokes a lot of cigarette is likely to get lung cancer, or that person may not cancer at all. Genetic studies have identified a nicotine dependence locus on chromosome 15q24-25, which includes the ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±5-ÃŽ ±3-ÃŽ ²4 nicotinic receptor gene cluster. A polymorphism, which alters an amino acid in the ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±5 nicotinic receptor subunit, also influences the risk for lung cancer, COPD and vascular disease (Br Med Bull (2010)). Chronic inflammation predispose of lung cancer. Chronic lung inflammation predisposes to lung cancer. There is a 4–5 times greater risk for developing lung cancer among those with COPD independent of age or smoking history (Lee G 2009). Even among non-smokers, the presence of emphysema on CT scan or a history of COPD is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer (Yang P, Sun Z, Krowka MJ, 2008) Chronic persistent inflammation may also cause the usually quiescent bronchoalveolar stem cells

If You Were a Newspaper Publisher in a Local Community free essay sample

Newspaper is the most trusted information source that been used to deliver updated information to the whole people in the world. The newspaper industry dwarfs others media by almost every its operation and procedure. Newspaper, as we know, it issued by daily and weekly, consists with folded sheets containing news, advertisement, correspondence and feature articles. Deliver people a lot of information such as what was happened yesterday will be issued in the newspaper tomorrow.Feature articles may contain tremendous issues such as earthquakes, floods, wars, death of very an important person and many more. News are also may deliver via other mass medium such as television and radio. Perhaps they may stolen the glitz and romance of the newspaper once had, which people may miss about how much important is the newspaper. Unfortunately, newspaper is a large industry that occurs in every measure and even facing in crisis enough whereby readers among youngsters are hard to find like to read newspapers. According Thomas Jefferson, the Third American United States President, said that â€Å" were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. But I should mean that every man should receive those papers and be capable†. He displays that how much important is newspaper in daily life, which people are started to miss its significance.In most community, newspapers covers more news at greater depth in competing other media. A metropolitan daily, such as The News Strait Times, Utusan Malaysia, and The Star typically convey more news and more than television and radio’s news. Currently, as publishers, journalists, reporters and other positions that involved in newspaper industry, are facing a big question.For example in our country, in this era of globalization, we can see that young people are tend to avoid reading newspaper and this shows that the young people are dislike to read newspaper, obviously, when we see in the morning, most of customer’s of newspapers are consist by working people in the age of 35 years old and above and it seen as gloominess in publisher’s view. Questions are turn up in all the newspapers publisher’s organization. In this essay, I would like to d iscuss more about why do young people dislike to read newspaper, how to attract youngsters to read newspaper and should the newspaper writing style as to be simplified in order to be more accessible to young people. In my mind, if I were a publisher, the questions that almost appear, are newspapers dead? Does the youngsters have no interest in reading news in print? These questions generate many debates among media experts. In this view, newspaper needs people to read. In our sophisticated millennium generation, there are plenty of people that don’t know how to read. We go to school and we do learn reading. Reading habit is the basic of education and there are variety types of stories in reading interest.Mythologies of young people as readers in general and stereotypical too, viewed by Gavin Rheeder, the Manager of marketing communication of Beeld, perpetuates five myths of Afrikaans which are young people are in the homogenous group, young people don’t like to read, young people prefer more soft news and they prefer slang language than proper language. Research about the newspaper readers tells that it comes in all categories of ages, no matter old, middle ages and young which in grabbing higher percentage of newspaper readers are old people in majority. Youngsters knowledgeable as a group that has more interest on entertainment such as celebrities, movies and other leisure, likely more to social lifestyle. Obviously, newspaper is not dead in old generation, unfortunately, young people dislikes to read newspaper due of their interest in leisure and enjoyment. In the other side, young people are inspected that they have a high interest in reading comics such as Dragon Ball, Doraemon, novels such as romance and love types, fiction and imaginaries- Harry Potter as an example, gains trillions profits and royalties in print media which attract the youngsters to read the novels, consisting series.Twilight as other example, are also publishing the novels in series, after it comes out with a movie. Magazines as well captivate young people increasingly and it highlighted the updates of fashions, lifestyle and most of it are the stories and gossips among celebrities. Youngsters are tends to idol their favorite celebrities as their icons. Newsp aper, as well too, do appear the section of entertainment, but the problem is, young people gravitate towards entertainment pages only. Often happened, young people are observed, they hold the newspapers and despite reading important and educational articles, they read gossips and celebrities news. Nevertheless, young people gain less other part of educational information. For instances, lake in science and economical knowledge and in results, youngsters obtain imbalance information and have minor knowledge. In order to improve the number of readers among young people to read newspaper, tips and tricks has to think due to solve the problem.For me, as a publisher of newspaper, we should arise more attracting and interesting issues. For example, publishing newspaper in university, we should take note the student’s interest and deliver educational information that comes along with their interests such as discuss the problem that has faced by student and instructing a section for student give their feedbacks and responses of any future and highlight news so that they can speak out what they want and their curiosit y. Words of the day, thoughts, quotes and phrases are also may magnetize student’s attention. Advertisement such as printing, books and shops are also needed in order to give and provide tips and facile student to search what they need. In addition, by put some funny comics or something character of cartoons may also alluring readers attention and give some relaxation before the readers keep on reading the news. For an example, newspaper such as Kosmo, today, captured student interests and diversions. This show that student are attracted with its contents where they can send and give their responses, critics and praises.In the other side, arising the question that involving the credibility of newspaper should publisher simplified its writing style. As for me, newspaper should not simplify its writing style. Writing style is the credibility of newspaper that we can’t interrogate. Discussing about credibility of newspaper, western media would call our county’s mainstream media with labels such as pro-government, docile and others. But it is not about being docile, where in our country as well, we have to obey the rule and regulation.According Lee Kuan Yew, ex-president of Singapore said that, â€Å" freedom of the press, freedom of the news media, must be subordinated to the overriding need of integrity of Singapore, and to the primacy of purpose of an elected government. Singapore wants mass media to reinforce, not to undermine, the cultural values and social attitudes being inculcated in schools and universities. â€Å" This shows that we, as publisher, should count up with some other sensitive issues that shouldn’t been discuss in newspaper such as culture, religions and races issues.Malaysia is country that practiced democracy and consist variety types of races and religions, such as Chinese, Malay, Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Indian and many more. Press may be separate and being independent of the government but, circumstances has to be count due to prevent unexpected feedbacks from readers will happen. Simplify writing style such as changing proper English to slang English should not occur in the newspaper. It may decay the pride and credibility of newspaper. For instance, the word of want to change to wanna.Newspaper known as a formal reading item which the readers are come from many stages of people. King, Sultan, Prime Minister and other ministers do read newspaper. In other words, changing writing style of newspaper should not exist in order to protect the credibility of newspaper. Young people may see newspaper as a gloom and dull reading utilities, and to fix this perception, it is significant to us as the publisher to tell readers that newspaper is a vehicle in cater and deliver useful information to all people in this world. Newspaper in other words, is a reading item that brings us information and knows what happen in other country. War in Afghanistan for instance, newspaper comes out the articles and discuss by the gurus all over the world. Nevertheless, newspaper function as the medium that connect all people in this wide world to give support and decline for any bad temptation that had exist and happened on earth. Latest news, earthquake that just happened in Philippines drag public to know more about it, and as we can see, newspapers put this natural disaster as the main article.In conclusion, people needs newspaper in order to update news and in addition, it is the cheapest mass medium that can be own every people, no matter he or she is rich or poor. Newspaper definitely act as truthful information source and being fair to people. Proved by Herbert Bayard Swope, an American Journalist and Editor said that,† the first duty of a newspaper is to be accurate. If it be accurate, it follows that is fair â€Å" World is seems half empty without newspaper.

Taxation free essay sample

The issue here is, can the Bureau of Internal Revenue collect the full amount of estate tax from an inheritance? era vs. Fernandez, 89 SCRA 199 The Bureau of Internal Revenue filed a mouon for allowance of claim and payment of taxes on the estate tax deficiencies in 1963 and 1964 in the intestate proceedings of Luis Tongoy. The administrator claims that It was already barred by the statute of limitation, section 2 and section 5 of rule 86 of the rules of court, which provides that all claims for money against the decedent, arising from contracts, express or Implied, whether the same be due, not due, or contingent, all claims for funeral expenses and xpenses for the last sickness of the decedent, and judgment for money against the decedent, must be filed within the time limited in the notice; otherwise they are barred forever. The Issue here Is, can the statute of non-claims of the Rules of Court bar the claim of the government for unpaid taxes? Sison vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Taxation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ancheta, 130 SCRA 654 Section 1 of BP Blg 135 amended the tax code and petitioner Antero M. Sison, as taxpayer, alleges that, he would be unduly discriminated against by the imposition of higher rates of tax upon his Income arising from the exercise of his profession vis- OF2 a-vls tnose wnlcn are Imposed upon Tlxea Income or salarlea lnOlvlOual taxpayers. He characterizes the above section as arbitrary amounting to class legislation, oppressive and capricious in character. In this case, there is a transgression of both the equal protection and due process clauses of the constitution as well as of the rule requiring uniformity in taxation. Pepsi vs. Municipality of Tanauan, 69 SCRA 460 Plaintiff-appellant Pepsi-Cola commenced a complaint with preliminary injunction to declare Section 2 of Republic Act No. 2264, otherwise known as the Local Autonomy Act, unconstitutional as an undue delegation of taxing authority as well as to declare Ordinances Nos. 23 and 27 denominated as municipal production tax of the Municipality of Tanauan, Leyte, null and void. Ordinance 23 levies and collects from soft drinks producers and manufacturers a tax of one-sixteenth of a centavo for every bottle of soft drink corked, and Ordinance 27 levies and collects on soft drinks produced or manufactured within the territorial Jurisdiction of this municipality a tax of one centavo on each gallon of volume capacity. Aside from the undue delegation of uthority, appellant contends that it allows double taxation, and that the subject ordinances are void for they impose percentage or specific tax. Pascual vs. Public Works, 110 Phil. 331 Governor Wenceslao Pascual of Rizal instituted this action for declaratory relief, with injunction, upon the ground that RA No. 920, which apropriates funds for public works particularly for the construction and improvement of Pasig feeder road terminals. Some of the feeder roads, however, as alleged and as contained in the tracings attached to the petition, were nothing but projected and planned ubdivision roads, not yet constructed within the Antonio Subdivision, belonging to private respondent Zulueta, situated at Pasig, Rizal; and which projected feeder roads do not connect any government property or any important premises to the main highway. The respondents contention is that there is public purpose because people living in the subdivision will directly be benefitted from the construction of the roads, and the government also gains from the donation of the land supposed to be occupied by the streets, made by its owner to the government.

Should International Recognition be a Requisite of Statehood essays

Should International Recognition be a Requisite of Statehood essays Considered a Requisite for Statehood? In determining whether a society or body of people should be considered a state or not, it is necessary to take into consideration certain presupposed criteria. Instantly, thoughts of governments, flags and anthems spring to mind. However, it could be argued that a state may be defined to be composed of less. Herein the argument as to just what exactly constitutes a state is borne and pertinently to what degree it should be considered a state, rather than just say a nation (conceivably within a state). Some contemporary definitions of the state have included recognition as a requisite of statehood, particularly as the United Nations (UN) deems recognition a necessity for membership. In terms of defining a state it would be more accurate though, to establish that recognition is beneficial and by no means crucial to the existence of a state. There are many societies operating to the same capacity as your typical state that are not duly recognised. This situation arises usually on the basis of a triviality, a past dispute or political alignments that could be comprised through another governments recognition of that society as an independent and functioning state. Also, paradoxically, international recognition could not be considered a requisite of statehood, if sovereignty is considered fundamental in defining the state. The idea that one actor can constitute another as sovereign is at root contradictory (Mayall J. 1990 cited in: Inoguchi T. 2001: 3) This is because sovereignty implies that there is no higher authority than the government of that state, yet international recognition as a requirement for statehood would require that there is, and that this authority is necessary to confirm the existence of the state to the state. A definition for what exactly constitutes a state is crucial to the argument of the importance of recognition in the international system o...

The Holocaust in Film essays

The Holocaust in Film essays Films greatly enhance and enrich our understanding of the Holocaust. Besides serving the obvious function of scribing history, film adds a third dimension of understanding that we as humans are programmed to understand and relate to better. Being able to see the looks on the Nazi faces as they try to squirm their way out of an uncomfortable question clearly gives you a better sense of understanding about their mockery of the holocaust. You could read that Hitler was an evil man, but until you see his face, and the way people seemingly worshipped him during the holocaust, your imagination is left to wonder; and ultimately, importance is taken away from the catastrophe of the Holocaust. Film puts you there, in the situation, painting a scene so vivid that you can become emotionally attached. Also, film allows you to catch clues that you may not have otherwise seen. In the film Genocide, we saw the German commanders being interviewed after the holocaust. You could tell that they w ere lying, because during dishonest statements they would literally smile. The third dimension of film and emotional appeal can not be understated. Its because of this reason, that film has a greater effect on most people than text, or other avenues of research. One example of increased effectiveness is the film Shtetl that we viewed in class. Shtetl was one mans journey back to Poland in order to figure out exactly how the holocaust happened, and what happened to his Jewish relatives and the Shtetl (small town in Yiddish) they lived in. Through this film, it became evident that even today there are varying degrees of anti-Semitism in the places (more specifically, Poland), where the German invaders were ousted. A lesson should have been learned in these places that suffered great hardship and atrocity, but in this video we saw that many people still held hatred towards the Jews. Anti-Semitic behavior...

Interest rates & stocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interest rates & stocks - Essay Example By using these values the current price of XYZ stock has been calculated and it is equal to $12.85. Po is the actual share price and P is the calculated stock price and when these two prices are compared, there is a huge difference between the two prices as the value of Po is equal to $76.28 and value of P is $12.85. There can be several reasons for the difference between the actual price of XYZ stock and the calculated price. One major reason could be the difference between the demand and supply of stock as in reality the demand of XYZ stock would be very high which might have increased the actual price of the stock and for this reason the stock has been overvalued. Also the other reason might be that people might expect the company to perform better in future and this is the reason why they would like to buy the stock of XYZ and this would have increased the price of the stock as well. As the market risk premium has increased from 7.5% to 10%, so this would change the return of XYZ stock as well. The new return can be found using CAPM equation and the new required return with the changed market risk premium would be 18.525%. By using the value of new required return of XYZ stock in Constant Growth Model the value of XYZ’s share price has been calculated. The new price is $7.75. The new price is lower than the price calculated previously because the market risk has increased and investors would like to have more return on the stock. So in order to get more return either the return or dividend should increase or the price of the stock should decrease, since dividend is constant therefore the price of the stock has decreased. The share price of XYZ Company calculated using the P/E method is different than the share price calculated using constant growth model and the reason behind this difference in estimated share price is that these methods are used to estimate the share price and at times one method would give

About alcohol and drug regulation(Writer's Choice to determine the Essay

About alcohol and drug regulation(Writer's Choice to determine the topic, but in this direction) - Essay Example genetic models of alcoholism should account for the clinical findings.† In connection to this, the paper will expound on various reasons as to why there is a genetic factor in alcoholism. Evidence for the presence of a genetic factor in alcoholism arises from many diverse sources. For instances, family studies, twin studies as well as separation studies on adoptees and half sibs confirms that there is a genetic factor in alcoholism. Studies of genetic linkage are also the most direct way of justifying that the presence of a genetic factor in alcoholism. The studies were enhanced by the investigations on physiological as well as biochemical processes that were relevant to alcoholism as well as having genetic bases. From the findings of the studies, it was evident that the alcoholism runs in families. According to Collins, Leonard and Searles (40), the percentage of alcoholism is very high in relatives of alcoholics compared to other persons. Most family studies also evidenced that rates of alcoholism was significantly higher in subjects born to alcoholic fathers. Psychiatric conditions manifested in the etiology of alcoholism also play a very significant role in the study of the genetic involvement in alcoholism. For instance, for many years antisocial personalities has been associated with adult alcoholism. This has also been evidenced by the clinical and family studies that have been carried on alcoholism. The existence of antisocial personality is often associated with earlier age of drinking as well as earlier age of regular drinking. According to Collins, Leonard and Searles (41), earlier onset of drinking alcohol has a genetic influence and, as a result, leads to familial alcoholism. Children’s conduct also plays a very significant role in studying familial alcoholism. In most occasions, children born to alcoholic parents portray aggressive behavior. For instance, it is evident that the majority of them is hyperactive as well as portrays conduct

Religion and Truth Essay Example for Free

Religion and Truth Essay All Religion is TruthWhat is insanity of the religion? According to Ramakrishna, no One religion is truth, however, all the integral transmissions of sacred wisdom and contemplative practice that survive the test of time are true. (43) That means, the complete devotion to the source of knowledge and actions through prayer are the fundamental and most important walks of life that constitute to the wholeness of truth. These most important aspects of religion constitute to the wholeness of truth by what they place on the individual, which is the Grace of God. The belief that My Religion Alone is true is not the correct belief because all religions are truth from what the religion does to the practitioner. If the practitioner is in complete consciousness of God and life, that alone is the key to truth. So the basis of all these religions, be it Hindu, Christian, Jew or Muslim is primarily through the sanctity of God and that is the willingness to devote time and life through veneration to the Divine Reality, which is God, that brings all the religions together. As time transcends and religion expands, reality becomes the critical starting point through where we begin our destiny of truth. That means, knowledge is transcendent and that it is the gauntlet or tool that creates the value of truth within the individual. To understand this point fully, we must break down what Ramakrishna meant by integral transmissions of sacred wisdom. Integral means the completeness of the whole, and in this case it is used to exemplify the wholeness of truth in being the basis of knowledge. By the basis it is then completed through transmission or rather a passage of possibly enlightenment of knowledge. That is why knowledge is referred to as sacred, because of the qualities of truth that it brings within the individual. Furthermore, what constitutes to truth is the emphasis the individual places on eternal goal or spiritual peace by a means of illuminating the sacredness of knowledge. Persistence of intense awareness is the truth that Ramakrishna is trying to convey. Moreover, the goal of achieving a manifested state of sanctity is through complete sincerity. That is sincerity works in the favor of the practitioner because they not only work for truth and knowledge for themselves but indeterminately for God alone, and this is what is achieved in all religions, in essence making them very connected and similar. According to Ramakrishna, its supposed to be about what we fight for in religion, not what we fight for outside of religion. In addition, what we fight for is suppose to be for the ultimate being, God, through Divine Nature. Divine Nature is achieved through a balance of realization in our daily life. The key tool is sincerity. Sincerity is about being genuine and honest; however it is about being honest first and foremost to the individual. Because without being able to be truthful to yourself, there would be no decisive factor that contributes to inspired belief and thus creating a problem within the individual. The way to obtain divine nature is not simple, because it takes time, but those who are sincere can and will achieve it. Divine nature consists of being able to learn from our daily trials and tribulations and learning very critically from them. At the same rate, the most fundamental thing that helps us on our path is the presence of God within us. (42)Why does Ramakrishna refer to God being the only living presence within us and how do we achieve this? The benefits of having God within us are bliss and freedom. What it means to have bliss could potentially lead to freedom, freedom of the self. It is freedom of the self because the presence of God is the only thing that we become conscious of and creates a sort of ripple within us that really brings out the bliss of God. Moreover, it is the awareness of God that structure our daily life and thus creates a Divine Nature that we live. Religions create a sense of supreme happiness and that reveal an urgent desire to be at peace. Through understanding that God is present everywhere is the beginning stages of awareness, but moving to the stage that God is present with in us creates motivation and an incentive for the individual to complete his or her goal in life. Furthermore, in order to maintain a balance of the spiritual self, there are certain spiritual ideals that are really crucial in understanding the truth in all religions. Devotion seems to sound easy, whereas it is serves as a purpose for the individual. Devotion is the dedication to belief in God and resulting in profound piety. It is correlated with the idea of ideals. Ideals are processes that work hand in hand in achieving the individuals ultimate goal, which is developed by the means of devotion. Ideals are the realization of something more and that something more is the supreme presence. Ideals exist in the mind but at the same time in the heart and the entire body. It takes form in the individuals day to day action and helps in creating a balance within the individuals spiritual conscience. Once this process of ideals is followed up by proper actions and proper living, then harmony is reached in the form of the manifestation of God. Manifestation of God means that the cause of being completely habituated in living the proper way creates the effect of harmony. Harmony is a consistent pleasing effect that is caused by this absolute idea of consciousness and bliss. That is to say that all the important aspects that were stated from the beginning to now, are the primary purpose of the truth in all the religions, in essence showing the beauty that God brings forth through each and every religion. Finally we must go back to the original question of insanity. Ramakrishna in essence is saying that it is insane to believe your religion is the only and ultimate truth for we have no basis for that belief. We can see through the process of spiritual development that the beauty lays in the truth and sincerity each and every religion places on the individual in such a balanced and consistent manner. BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Philip Novak. The Worlds Wisdom: Sacred Texts of the World. Harper SanFrancisco. -1st ed. Pg 42-44.

Recreational Center for the Handicapped :: essays research papers

The Janet Pomeroy Center â€Å"The Recreational Center for the Handicapped† Descriptions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Janet Pomeroy Center†, also known as â€Å"The Recreational Center for the Handicapped† has been serving the residents of the San Francisco community for over 50 years. Founded by Janet Pomeroy on November 18, 1952 it has enriched the lives of over 17,000 individuals. It is a multi service center conveniently located off of Skyline Boulevard, over looking Lake Merced and directly behind the San Francisco Zoo. With a wide range of services offered, â€Å"The Janet Pomeroy Center† strives to provide recreation and vocational opportunities for the mentally and physically challenged, so as to create and instill independence, personal achievement, and a means for self expression for the disabled population. Having a variety in age from the youth to the elderly, RCH’s clients also have a wide range in the levels of physical and mental disability. They range from being mildly to severely mentally challenged. There are clients who can easily communicate verbally and others who rely on other methods to express themselves. These individuals also range in their physical disabilities. Some are in need of a wheelchair, where as others are able to easily get around. There are clients who violently have seizures, as well as those whose seizures are generally mild. â€Å"The Recreational Center for the Handicapped† is unique in the fact that it also provides services to those who have had a head trauma. In collaboration with St. Mary’s Hospital and the Department of Mental Health, RCH has started SF TBI NET, which stands for â€Å"San Francisco Traumatic Brain Injury Network.† Imagine the tremendous impact it must be living one moment able-bodied, then the next moment, disabled. Imagine the impact an event like this would have on your loved ones. The individuals who benefit from the program were once able-bodied like us, but because of a brain injury, they now need help relearning their motor skills and being able to function in daily life. SF TBI NET also recognizes the strain a traumatic event like this can have on the entire family and provides help and relief to its members. Rather than focusing on their weakness, the staff focuses on their client’s strengths. Through the different recreational activities and services this multi service center provides, the interests and talents these individuals have are further nurtured. For example, having access to art supplies and instruction is a great benefit to those clients who are interested in further developing their art skills.

Inclusive education Essay

The concept of inclusion has been adopted as a response to the mandate of Public Law 94-142 or the Education of the Handicapped Act of 1975 which aims to place disabled and mentally-challenged students in non-restricted environments where they have access to equal opportunities in education. Inclusive education is an academic program where children of varying abilities are placed in one class or group and allowed to interact together to facilitate learning. It aims to provide all types of students with equality and exposure to the same learning stimulus that is bound to create various learning experiences to different types of children. And although many educators recognize that this is a breakthrough scheme for integration and intellectual freedom (Porter, 2001), in some cultures, this is the traditional way of teaching preschool children since special classes for attending to disabled children have not yet been developed at that time (Duncan, 2001). The scheme may involve only partial inclusion where special or disabled students can be pulled out anytime from class as the need for it arises. Oftentimes, for this category, another teacher who caters to the specific needs of the disabled students is also present. Full inclusion, on the other hand, is usually applied for disabled or special cases of students with high levels of learning capacities. Similarly, George and Alexander (2003) noted that in cases where tracking or ability grouping could not be totally excluded, partial de-tracking is also a good alternative. Inclusive education is a form of recognition (Friendly and Lero, 2002) and value that goes beyond human rights and equality and is a contributing step to eliminating social exclusion in the community. It promotes active and meaningful participation to all members of a group or class and offer different prospects for the students who experience the different class activities in their own light. They are able to socially interact, treated equally despite cognitive, physical or financial levels and, most importantly, achieve happiness and security. These are the essential elements and goals of inclusive education (Sen, 1999). As the Laidlaw Foundation puts its, it requires an active change in current policies and programs and build community-based foundations that will benefit and develop equal opportunities for both children and families (Friendly and Lero, 2002). On the other hand, early descriptions of inclusive education provide less drastic measures for improvement. Kamps et al.(1994) note that the strategies employed in inclusive learning are cheap measures designed to center on techniques that are less invasive but improves both the academic and social learning of the children (Kamps et al. , 1994). They also add that despite an inclusive program, change will not be truly instituted if the techniques cannot be adapted to current educational classroom systems that are at in place (Kamps & Carta, 1989). The members of the Inclusion InterAmericana (2000) also agree that Inclusive education is a cheaper alternative to provide disabled students access to education as evidence by their limited resources and provision. Cooperative learning is one aspect of inclusive education, where students are classified into smaller learning groups created for the purpose of maximizing learning and development (Johnson et al. , 1990). This type of grouping, also referred to as a heterogeneous classification has aimed to ensure that each student receives the same high class standards of instruction and education. The access of all types of students to these educational practices will allow them to benefit in the same way that others students do (Daniel, 2007). This type of scheme not only follows a mandate to provide children with the equal opportunities in education but also aims to improve the skills of the students relative to the learning levels each child possesses (Yonezawa and Jones, 2006). The children in an inclusive class who, in an ideal situation, are helping each other learn also do not need to be in the same age levels as other students as in the case of a learning strategy in an inclusive set up called cross age tutoring (Barbetta et al., 1991). In contrast to inclusive education, a scheme called homogeneous grouping, or ability grouping or tracking, is a case where students are grouped according to similar cognitive levels. The grouping is done by determining abilities of students through studies on their previous test and activity scores and those with similar abilities are group accordingly (Daniel, 2007). Gamoran and Weinstein (1998), George (1988) and Slavin (1993) all note a lack of evidence that ability grouping is effective. In addition, Vang (2005) discusses the disadvantages of this scheme to students with poor learning abilities, those from the minority and even financially challenged children. As Friendly and Lero (2002) note, exclusion in any form results in not only vulnerability and inability to voice out to the proper forum but also reduces quality and limited capabilities of life experiences. They also stress that a changed path from exclusion will enable social cohesion and improve life prospects. This also applies not only to communities but also to students in classrooms as well.

Poetry Analysis If by Rudyard Kipling

English 113 9 November 2012 Poetry Analysis by Rudyard Kipling â€Å"If† As I analyze this poem, I  get a sense of life’s challenges and how someone can overcome those who refuse to take  accountability for their own actions. Considering the poem using point of view, I wonder whether it is being told from the point of  view of Rudyard Kipling or not. Is â€Å"If† the story of Kipling himself? Is it an ideal he aspired to or something he attained? If he did  attain it, is it something he attained and knew he attained it, or something he attained and still didn’t realize it?Perhaps the answers  to some of those questions are beyond the scope of this paper, but Kipling’s life can help us understand the poem more completely. Kipling was born in Bombay, India, in 1856. He always had tales that he was writing for children, including his own children  (Poetry Foundation). Sadly one of his children died at the age of eighteen, fighting the Irish Guards (Bhaskart, Rao). Kipling himself suffered bullying growing up and was often punished by his parents.This poem expresses the importance of an individual taking and accepting the responsibility for their own lives—including their  mistakes—and not blaming others. The poem has two important lessons. The first is that we are all equal. Don’t put yourself above anyone else, but know that you are just as good as everyone else, so don’t let anyone else put themselves above you. The second is that you should believe in yourself, even when everyone doubts you. Don’t believe in lies people say about you—or about anyone else. Tell the truth, believe the truth, and behave truthfully, not matter what those around you do.These lessons come from the point of view of a father instructing his son; naturally, we could also look at it as coming from the point of view of any older man to any younger man—an emotional or spiritual father-son rela tionship—but it seems the intent of the author was clear that this poem was directed to his physical son. This poem is a beautiful personal goal and an inspiration for anyone who wishes to be a better individual; it acts as light on a dark night. It is exactly the kind of talk a father might give to his son about growing into a good man.People sometimes talk about becoming productive members of society, but Kipling seems to take a different approach in this poem. Making â€Å"one of of all your winnings† and risking â€Å"it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,† and then losing it all and having to â€Å"start again at your beginnings† (lines 17-19)—this kind of encouragement hardly seems like it’s rooted in productivity being the measure of a man. Instead, Kipling talks about the importance of making the right choices, and how those choices can have a huge effect on someone’s life.The poem also says to have confidence in your actions and t o not allow anyone to say that you cannot do it. Don’t let anyone push you down, Kipling says, or doubt your competence, and don’t let those people stop you from reaching your goals. â€Å"If you can dream and not make dreams your master† talks about daring to dream; yet not letting that dream control your life (Paul, Halsall). Accept your dreams as yours; however, don’t mistreat others to get there. Again using lines 17-19 as our evidence, we see that Kipling also suggests that we must always learn from our mistakes and not ignore them.Line 20 describes his interpretation of this kind of behavior: â€Å"Never breathe a word about your loss. † We all have a lot to learn. We can learn from bad choices, by not committing the same mistake again, but complaining about our mistakes or our losses does no one any good. If there are roadblocks in your path of life, it is okay to make adjustments to your course and sometimes even to make U-turns; however, u se it as learning a lesson for what is to come: If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools. (13-16) The most important lesson here is to never give up. It is very hard to get back on your feet after life has beaten you into the ground. If circumstances throw you off, get back on your feet and don’t let that cheat you out of reaching your goals. Instead, put all the broken pieces together to make you a stronger person. When you are stronger it is easier to encounter life’s challenges. In two sections, the poem also talks about recognizing the truth and speaking the truth, and how the truth can affect both you and those around you.In the first, Kipling addresses the mindset he wanted his son to have when doubts and lies were directed at him: If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or being lied about, don't deal in lies, Or being hated, don't give way to hating, And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise. (3-8) Believe in yourself, Kipling says, even when everyone doubts you; don’t believe the lies people say about you or anyone.The second section that deals with honesty deals more with a person being honest with himself: If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same; If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools. (11-14) Kipling continues this theme in the fourth stanza: â€Å"If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, / Or walk with Kings, nor lose the common touch. † Strive to be successful, but don’t let being successful fool you. Continue to help others and be nice to them.Don’t get lost in the world of money and luxury. Help others who need you. Don’t be selfish and concentr ate only on your needs and wants (Paul, Halsall). We might use the phrase today, â€Å"Be true to yourself. † As Shakespeare in one of his plays had a father (Polonium) advise his son (Laertes): â€Å"This above all: to thine own self be true, / And it must follow, as the night the day, / Thou canst not then be false to any man† (Hamlet 1. 3. 78–82). Being kind and true to yourself, your family or anyone that walks in your life, can bring you many rewards.My analysis of this poem might be different from other analysis that you may have read, but it is my understanding of it and how I took this poem and put it on my life. Kipling was very realistic and clear in his words, and everyone can learn something from it. This poem was written in 1910 and it still applies today. No matter how many years have passed since it was written, it can always be applied to anyone, anywhere, and anytime. This poem, in general, is about living by what is often called the golden rule : Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Think about the bad you don’t want for yourself and don’t do it to others.Above all odds—and above his troubled childhood—Rudyard Kipling became a courageous and honest man. He knew how hard life can be, so he wrote this poem to his son teaching him solutions  to life’s problems. That was the main reason he wrote this poem: He wanted his son to become a good man (poetry foundation). According to Kipling, getting through this life with all the challenges, good or bad, and making the right choices and being proud of yourself, being happy with your winnings, and learning from your mistakes these will help you achieve the best reward: to be a man (Geofrey, Wansell).Work Cited Geofrey, Wansell. â€Å"The Remarkable Story Behind Rudyard Kipling’s If. † Daily Mail. 15 Feb. 2009. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. Paul, Halsall. â€Å"Modern History Source Book. † Rudyard Kipling: If. July 1998. We b. 8 Nov. 2012. Poetry Foundation. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. Rao, K. Bhaskara. â€Å"Rudyard Kipling. † Critical Survey Of Long Fiction, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-7. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. 7 Nov. 2012.

Research Report on Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” Essays

Research Report on Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Essays Research Report on Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Paper Research Report on Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Paper A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift was written in 1729 using diction and political and social references from that time period, which may provide a challenge for a student reader in a 2011 classroom. The full title of Swift’s essay is â€Å"A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burden to their Parents, or the Country, and for making them Beneficial to the Publick. This satirical essay is attempting to find a simple method for converting the starving children of Ireland into useful members of society. 1. 1 Background Information Through irony, satire and exaggeration Swift explains that across the country poor children, mainly Catholics are living in filth because their families are too meager to keep them fed and clothed. The author continuous on to state that the problem of poverty in Ireland can best be fixed by selling the children of the lower class as food to the wealthy. . 2Structure Swift originally published A Modest Proposal using the popularize pamphlet form using the standard essay format with an introductory paragraph stating the thesis, body paragraphs and a conclusion. What differentiated this essay from others, and made it superior to most was Swifts successful use of Historical Content, direct connection with the Audience, Satire/Humour, perfectly executed Irony, and the use of Logos vs. Pathos vs. Ethos. 2. Historical Content . 1 English-Irish Political relationships Years before A Modest Proposal was written British groups began invading Ireland for need of land for there growing kingdom, and had established there own laws and created their own parliament in Ireland. Penal Laws were created specifically designed to reduce the Catholics as the dominant religion in Ireland, laws like Catholics banned from public office or parliament, and Catholics banned from intermarriage with Protestants. In 1714 the Georgian Era begins when George I took the throne of the United Kingdom (so called when England swallowed Scotland in 1702, which Swift refers to â€Å"QUOTE†). He continues to strengthen the parliament and in 1720, the British parliament passed the Sixth of George I Act allowing it to pass legislation in Ireland without the agreement of the Irish parliament. 2. 2 Protestant – Catholic religious conflict The People of Ireland in the 1700’s are broken into three groups; the Original Irish: The Celtic people of Ireland who received Christianity during the 600s A. D, The Old English: the Normans from England who invaded Ireland during the late 1100s and governed for some centuries, and the English and Scottish settlers: Protestants from England and Scotland were settled on lands confiscated from the Irish by the Tudors in the 1500s. By 1714 only 7% of land in Ireland was held by Catholics, despite the fact that Catholics constituted 75% of the population. (www. irishhistorylinks. net)

Elegiac Couplets Explained

Elegiac Couplets Explained An elegiac couplet is a pair of sequential lines in poetry in which the first line is written in dactylic hexameter and the second line in dactylic pentameter. The Roman poet Ennius introduced the elegiac couplet to Latin poetry for themes less lofty than that of epic, for which dactylic hexameter was suited. The typical meter of an elegiac couplet can be represented as:  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ x ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ ˘ ˘ |  ¯ The first two lines of Ovids Amores I, which is written in elegiac couplets, can be scanned (a note on scansion in Latin poetry) as follows, where bolding marks the long syllables, the non-bold are short or anceps, dashes separate syllables, spaces separate words, and the ends of feet are marked by vertical lines: Ar-ma gra- | vÄ « nu-me- | rÃ…  vi-o- | len-ta-que | bel-la pa- | rÄ -bamÄ“-de-re, | mÄ -te-ri- | Ä  | con-ve-ni- | en-te mo- | dÄ «s.

Strategy Formulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy Formulation - Essay Example In this respect effective use of communication techniques within and without the organization is emphasized by strategic management experts in order to achieve these long term objectives. Communication within the organization is necessarily influenced by its leadership style and organizational culture and structure. A vertical top-down structure with an autocratic leadership style is less likely to facilitate efficient communication between different layers of the hierarchy while conversely a horizontal structure with a democratic leadership style would more likely facilitate good communication flow between departments. Strategic long term goals such as market share, profitability, an increase in the share price, quality improvements, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty have to be achieved by adopting such strategies as good internal and external communication practices, employee relations, good motivation strategies and HRM practices, sound financial management including positive cash flows and better overall performance metrics. For example there are good and bad business practices being adopted by companies in the process of planning and design of management and business strategy. Many organizations depend on the available information to make such decisions. This is strategically a bad business practice because information asymmetry often misleads managers and their subsequent decisions based on such imbalanced information could be wrong. Nowadays organizations have better approaches to such intricate problems. In the planning and design process of VRIO (value, rarity, inimitability and organization) framework businesses have adopted such revolutionary approaches. For instance Accenture, the largest strategic management consultancy in the world, places emphasis on VRIO framework in such a manner that it’s very difficult for its competitors to duplicate its VRIO environment in any meaningful manner. This example illustrates

Crosspost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crosspost - Essay Example Importantly, Killeen and King (2007) observe that nurses should consider how to mitigate factors that could strain the mutual communication between the nurse and the client in an effort to achieve the intended goals. Such factors include age, sex, education and the sensory system of the client among others. King’s theory compares to Dr. Patricia Benner’s novice to expert theory. King postulates humans as open systems constantly interacting with the environment, a concept which Benner uses to argue that expert nurses would develop their patient care skills and understanding over time through interaction of education and experience (Treas & Wilkinson, 2014). Both theories appreciate continuous learning among nurses so as to attain the nursing objectives. However, while King argues that effective nurse-patient interaction would propagate the attainment of the desired nursing goals, Benner observes that education and experience would enable a nurse meet the intended objectives in the profession. Furthermore, it would be appreciated that while King’s goal attainment theory focused on human healthcare as the goal of nursing, Benner’s novice to expert theory focuses on becoming an expert. Killeen, M. B. & King, I. M. (2007). Viewpoint: Use of King’s conceptual system, nursing informatics, and nursing classification systems for global communication. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 18 (2), 51 – 57. doi:

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example In order to carry out ethical teaching in class, the teachers might face ethical dilemmas often. Ethical dilemma is known to be the complex situation in which one might get when he has a mental conflict between moral essentials in which it is known that the choice of one may result in disobeying the other. They are also known as moral dilemmas and in these cases, societal and personal ethical guidelines may not provide any satisfactory outcome (Garber, 2008). Ethical dilemmas and moral situations can often arise in situations where one person can not take a moral decision and is bound to take a decision that does not fit in the ethical boundaries in one way or the other. Such situations may have many similarities and are at many times considered to be analogous (Carr, 1999). An experience I had that shows the similarities between the ethical dilemma and a moral situation is during my internship when I observed a situation in class where the teacher was in an ethical dilemma. The situ ation can be called as a moral situation and an ethical dilemma, as in both the cases, the teacher was bound to take a decision that did not fit into the moral principles and the professional ethics of education. In the situation, James was a classroom teacher of the ninth grade. His homework policy was that the homework would be given to take home on Friday and the students must bring it back and submit it on the following Thursday. He continuously emphasizes that it is the students’ choice to do it or not, but in case the homework is not completed and handed in on Friday, they will have to serve detention during one period of recess. Raoul was an excellent student in his class who always finished his work on time and correctly. He was a sensitive and dedicated student who strived hard to please the teacher. One Wednesday, Raoul gets sick and out of school, moreover the following day which was a Thursday, he forgot to bring his homework to class. This was the first time Raou l did not have his homework. James was sure that he had done his work and forgot to bring it. Raoul could get a day’s extension for being sick. And James also knew that the thought of serving detention was devastating for Raoul. However, James had to decide whether to follow the rule and have Raoul serve the detention, or make an exception based on the fact that Raoul has been sick and his routine is disrupted. This situation can very well be executed as a moral situation as well as an ethical dilemma. James is the teacher and he holds the responsibility in class to follow the professional ethics of education in which the teacher is supposed to apply the same rules for every student and avoid favoritism. On the other hand the professional ethics state that the teacher should understand each student and contribute in the best way possible towards his learning and his encouragement. James gets in ethical dilemma as he knows that taking a decision in regard of one ethical standa rd will violate the other. If James gives Raoul detention, he will discourage him and led his morale down, and if he gives him an excuse it will violate the professional ethics that he has set for his classroom (Robinson, 2005). In the similar way, the situation can also be called as a moral situation in which the teacher is bound by the moral principles of class and he is in moral dilemma. James is a teacher of ninth grade, who are teenage students and understand the situations of the class very well. If James gives an exception to Raoul, it will violate the moral conduct of the class in which the teacher owes a moral responsibility towards every child equally. Since Raoul has disobeyed the moral conduct of the class, James should give him the same punishment that all the students get,

Habitat and Animals Essay Example for Free

Habitat and Animals Essay Little care or thought was given to wildlife, or the delicate nature of their habitat as Urban Sprawl moved along with the progress of the times. This is supported by the opinion offered by Authors Emel and Wolch, in their book titled Animal Geographies: Place, Politics and Identity’, They state that The 1980s cost of sprawl debate made no mention of wildlife habitat, and the adherents to the so called new urbanism and sustainable cities movements of the 1990s rarely define sustainability in relation to the animals†(5). Quoting statistics researched, compiled, and available at Smart Growth America.com, Authors Hapke, Goodwin, Pulsipher and Pulsipher state that In the United States Urban Sprawl eats up 2 acres a minute- A million acres a year- including 400,000 acres of land that is especially well suited for high quality specialty crops. Urban Sprawl is now an issue in virtually all parts of North America† (6). Quoting Vitousek (1997) and Marzluff and Hamel (2001), authors Johnson and Klemens explain that the destruction of animal habitat occurs because Humans alter the earths natural landscape in three main ways: Through agriculture, natural resource extraction, and urban and rural settlement (7) . There is immediate habitat loss as an area is developed, as noted almost one million acres per year are consumed. As humans take over and develop, the wildlife is displaced, and deprived of the habitat because it has been converted for use, and is no longer suitable to sustain life. Pollution, and the introduction of non indigenous invasive plant species enter the habitat as well, after humans move in to an area. (5) Emel Jody, Wolch Jennifer. Animal Geographies: Place, Politics, and Identity in the Nature-culture Borderlands, Edition: illustrated, Published by Verso, 1998, p. 132. (6) Hapke Holly M, Goodwin Conrad Mac, Pulsipher Lydia Mihelic, Pulsipher Alex. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives. Edition: 3, illustrated, Published by Macmillan, 2005. p. 81. (7) Johnson Elizabeth Ann. Klemens Michael W. Nature in Fragments: The Legacy of Sprawl. Edition: illustrated, Published by Columbia University Press, 2005. p. 19. 3 Many researchers agree with author John Kistler that â€Å" Habitat loss is the single most important factor in the destruction of wild species†(8). Imagine developers go in with big bulldozers, and dump trucks, and destroy the natural landscape without a thought to the population of animals that will be displaced. Without concerns about rare plant and animal species that may be at risk of extinction. It used to be as man moved in, the animals would move out, to nearby untouched areas with sufficient forage and water to survive. Johnson and Klemens point out that today However, as sprawl converts more land to development, there are few or no adjacent undeveloped lands to meet these needs(9). Now a drive along highways that pass close to any major development sites that are currently under construction, will reveal the fate of many of the dislocated inhabitants. Dead deer, coyotes, fox, racoons, hawks, and a multitude of other species are strewn along the roadside daily. Quoting Clevenger and (2001) and Forman (2003), in a paper prepared by professor Michael Starr, and students at Southern Illinois University, attempting to compile data on road kill occurrences states that It is undoubtedly true that the number of road-killed animals has been increasing through the years until the last decade, very few scientific studies had been conducted to assess this assumption(10). Based on data compiled by reported accidents with cars, and quoting Forman (2003), The SIUE paper stated that â€Å" It has been conservatively estimated that 1 million deer alone are killed each year on the nations roads†(11). These numbers are reported road kills involving car damage, the numbers of smaller species no doubt are astronomical, if a number could be assigned. (8) Kistler John. Animal Rights: A Subject Guide, Bibliography, and Internet Companion Edition: illustrated, Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. p 145. (9) Johnson Elizabeth Ann. Klemens Michael W. Nature in Fragments: The Legacy of Sprawl. Edition: illustrated, Published by Columbia University Press, 2005. p. 30. (10) (11) Starr Michael J. Surveying For Small Road-Killed Animals Along Rural Roads And State Highways http://www. siue. edu/GEOGRAPHY/RoadKill. htm. SIUE Department of Geography. Feb. 2006. 4 States with most population growth had largest permanent loss of rural land Average low-population-growth state lost less than a third the rural land as average high-population growth state http://www. sprawlcity. org/charts_usda/us_6. html

Fifth Business Dunstan :: essays papers

Fifth Business Dunstan Lots of people in our society can be dubbed as ^neutral^ in their behavior. They dont take part in the events occurring around them but rather just observe them. This characteristic can be called a beneficial characteristic as it may keep them out of disagreements. In the book Fifth Business written by Robertson Davies, Dunny can be called a neutral person. He tells us about his life story and through various incidents, it is clearly evident that he is indeed a neutral person. For instance, the snowball incident and Dunny^s relationship with Diana show the reader that he is indeed a neutral person who doesn^t want to get involved deeply in anything at all. Dunny starts his story from his childhood. He tells us that when he was ten, he had a fight with Percy Boyd Staunton and during this fight, Percy threw a snowball at him. He dodged the snowball and it struck the pregnant Mary Dempster, who was the wife of Reverend Amasa Dempster, on her head. This led to the premature birth of the baby. Dunny felt responsible for that incident and spent many sleepless nights but he didn^t tell Mary what had happened or who threw the snowball. He remained neutral in the situation despite the fact that he felt guilty and responsible for. Mary^s loss of senility and the premature birth of the baby. These strong emotions led him to help Mary in every way possible. Although he knew that he had not thrown the snowball, he imagined that since it was meant for him, he shouldn^t have dodged it. Also Paul had told Dunny that he wasn^t responsible for the snowball because it was Dunny^s dodging it which led to Mary Dempster labor. So Dunny was sure that! he was to blame but still he didn^t confess it to anyone, neither did he ever talk to anyone about it. Being neutral he just withdrew and did not take a stand in the situation. He took care of Paul when he (Paul) was quite young and also was protective of Mary which further served to isolate him from the rest of the society who thought of Mary as a bad influence. Though this incident occurred in an early stage of Dunny^s life, it still shows his neutrality which remained a part of him until his death. Dunny^s relationship with Diana is another example which shows his neutrality. When Dunny was wounded in the war, he was put under Diana^s care until he got back on his feet. During this time, he

Difference Between Domestic and International Marketing

Difference between international marketing and domestic marketing First, International marketing is facing a more complex market environment . Domestic marketing is conducted in this country and so faced corresponding structure of the market environment is relatively simple ,which consists of those factors that are more familiar to companies — the domestic political, economic, legal, cultural and so on. However, International marketing is facing a more complex environment, it's a market with multi-level structure.This is because those companies who engage in international marketing , will inevitably be subjected to the world market environment. Which requires companies to face the world market environment, including the world's political, military, economic, technological and other aspects. Second, International marketing is facing more Uncertainties factors The contradiction between subjective understanding and objective reality, coupled with the volatility of the objective p rocess, international marketing facd more uncertainties factors for the companies .Compared with domestic marketing, it's more difficult to make sure the total demand, purchasers and competitors and more difficult to investigate and predict wholesale segment, retail structure, buying habits in international marketing. Third, International marketing is facing more diverse selection of marketing programs Companies in the domestic market, although also need to deal with different regions and different programs for different target markets, different strategies, and even the use of different promotions, but the overall program is the same however. he international market is a market composed of different countries . Enterprises in the international marketing, its marketing programs are of diversity, Enterprises in different country markets to sell their products, not unified marketing program, and must host country market, different scenarios were developed.Four, Marketing in internatio nal marketing is more difficult   Besides the complex environment and the uncertain factors ,diverse selection programs, international marketing have more risks and meet more fierce competition. The risks are added by the changing international political situation and the fluctuate exchange rate . Competitor's brilliant competitive strategy in price, promotion and products made the international market more and more narrow. Difference Between Domestic and International Marketing Difference between international marketing and domestic marketing First, International marketing is facing a more complex market environment . Domestic marketing is conducted in this country and so faced corresponding structure of the market environment is relatively simple ,which consists of those factors that are more familiar to companies — the domestic political, economic, legal, cultural and so on. However, International marketing is facing a more complex environment, it's a market with multi-level structure.This is because those companies who engage in international marketing , will inevitably be subjected to the world market environment. Which requires companies to face the world market environment, including the world's political, military, economic, technological and other aspects. Second, International marketing is facing more Uncertainties factors The contradiction between subjective understanding and objective reality, coupled with the volatility of the objective p rocess, international marketing facd more uncertainties factors for the companies .Compared with domestic marketing, it's more difficult to make sure the total demand, purchasers and competitors and more difficult to investigate and predict wholesale segment, retail structure, buying habits in international marketing. Third, International marketing is facing more diverse selection of marketing programs Companies in the domestic market, although also need to deal with different regions and different programs for different target markets, different strategies, and even the use of different promotions, but the overall program is the same however. he international market is a market composed of different countries . Enterprises in the international marketing, its marketing programs are of diversity, Enterprises in different country markets to sell their products, not unified marketing program, and must host country market, different scenarios were developed.Four, Marketing in internatio nal marketing is more difficult   Besides the complex environment and the uncertain factors ,diverse selection programs, international marketing have more risks and meet more fierce competition. The risks are added by the changing international political situation and the fluctuate exchange rate . Competitor's brilliant competitive strategy in price, promotion and products made the international market more and more narrow.

Space design considerations for an architecture school

And teaching staff in newly approved Institution / Program. Then it gives detailed time schedule for processing of applications . Page- 72 : It provides further information about Unapproved Institutions, detailed points to be carried out Action in case of violation of Regulations. It provides objectives , eligibility , processing fee and procedure for approval, conditions for approval regarding Collaboration & Twining Program between Indian and Foreign Universities or Institutions in the field of Technical Education, Research and Training .Peg 73- 81 : It gives information about the program , duration and eligibility for students o be considered while giving admission to under graduate degree program, Post Graduate Degree and Post Graduate Diploma Programs (Full Time), Diploma Program, Post Diploma Programs . Page- 107 : It lists the approved Nomenclature of Courses of 400 courses taught under CACTI. It gives information in tabular form regarding the Norms for Intake & Peggy-111 .Num ber of Courses / Divisions in the Technical Institutions of under graduate level, Post Graduate Degree and Post Graduate Diploma Level, Private Limited or Public Limited Company/laundry Establishing Diploma or UnderGraduate or Post Graduate Institute. Peg 12- : it describes the Norms for Land requirement and Building Space for Technical Institution , like the land requirement in acres in Other than Rural places(Competent Authority to certify that the place is not located in a rural area) and Rural Places as defined by Competent Authority.It gives detailed requirements of built-up area divided in 1 . Instructional area (NINA, carpet area in sq. M. ), Administrative area (DAD, carpet area in sq. M. ), Amenities area (AMA, carpet area in sq. 2. Circulation area (CIA) is equal to 0. 250 (NINA+DAD+AMA). M. ). , 3. Total built up area in sq. M. Is equal to (NINA+DAD+AMA)

Essay A Disabled Life Undermined Experience

Essay A Disabled Life Undermined Experience Essay A Disabled Life: Undermined Experience When I was conceived, my parents were expecting a healthy child. The doctor had something to tell them: â€Å"We have a problem,† he said. â€Å"Your son might not live long.† My parents were so devastated, yet hoping and praying for me to live. At three months old, I had to be operated on for tangled intestines. After the operation, my mother and I would go to the hospital for my wound dressing. Then at four years old, I contracted Dengue Fever; an incision was made on the right side of my ribs so as to implant the surgical tube to drain the water from my lungs. In the later years to come, my parents told me how much time and money was spent just to keep me alive and healthy. I have learn to appreciate the unwavering love and the patience of my parents, and they pampered me with toys and things that a child can lay his hands on. Before prep-school, my parents noticed that I was drooling and could hardly communicate orally. I underwent a brain scan and they found that only half of my brain was functioning normally. The doctor told my mom that I could outgrow the defect as I grew older. They put my fate to the blessing of God through faith and prayers for my well-being. When I started attending elementary school, I promised myself, â€Å"Even though, I have physical and speech disabilities, it will not hinder too much of my education and life.† I have struggled to excel in my classes, and you proved also that I could fare along with normal students. I did not interact much with my classmates because my oral communication overwhelmed me. Although I was a bit shy, I graduated my elementary school with awards and as an honor student. Before graduating from middle school, I took the national examination for a high school admission and passed. During the interview, the school administrator found out that I have disabilities. He refused my admittance. My parents were so angry at the discrimination that it prompted their decision to come to America. They asked me, â€Å"Have you ever wanted to go to school in America?† At first, I did not know to react, but after pondering for quite a time, I considered to go because it might be best for me to have a new life and environment. As a freshman at Gahr High School and later on at Santa Fe Springs

Macbeth Essays (587 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays

Macbeth Essays (587 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays Macbeth Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep (2, 2, 47) These are words speaking of an evil person. As much of the play Macbeth is about. The play starts with evil, the three witches burrying different wierd objects. As well as throughout the majority of the play, evil is the basis of all within this story. The blood in this story is evil. And I dont mean the blood which pours from a dying king. I mean blood in the sense of gore, and violence. The whole play it self is full of fights. The plot goes from a fight to a scence that plans a fight, to a fight, to a scene with more planning or reflection. Its a viscious cycle in this play. Its all violence. I suppose that would be ok if your making an action movie staring Arnold Schwarzeneger, but this is supposed to be a classic, a tragedy, the only tragedy was that it sucked. A playwrite such as Shakespeare wouldnt have wrote a play of just violence. He actually has good content in his plays. Although there is a bit of good content in this play. Theres just no transition of it within the play. It hardly makes any sense. All of this further makes me believe that there are scenes missing. The witches are pure evil as well. they are the ones who filled Macbeths head with all these visions of power. Which in turn transformed Macbeth into a psychotic killing machine. Before he met the witches, he was an innocent warrior, an honorable fighter of the king. But once the witches filled him with greed, he no longer was a loyalist of the king. He in a short period of time pulled a hundred and eighty degree turn and did the furthest thing from loyal he possibly could of done to the king, he killed him in his sleep. And if that isnt evil enough, he blamed it on two loyal, innocent gaurds, and slaughtered them on the spot. Lady Macbeth is as well pure evil. She is the persuassion behind Macbeth. He would never of murdered Duncan if Lady Macbeth hadnt persuaded him to. Macbeth was too full o the milk of human kindness. Perhaps Macbeth would have received the throne loyaly and honorably to begin with. Many times Macbeth had tried to back down from killing Duncan, but Lady Macbeth wouldnt of let that happen. She made fun of him, called him down. She did what was necessary to keep him from chickening out. Perhaps Macbeth did whatever she told him to because of sex. Lady Macbeth certainly is made out to be a very sexy woman in the play. She may have used her powers of sex to persuade her husband to perform the irreversible deeds. The murder of Duncan caused a chain effect on Macbeth, making it necessary (in Macbeths eyes) to kill Banquo, Macduffs wife and children, and all the other innocent casualties. Although there are many evil objects in this play, the most evil of them all is greed. No matter who was more influenced by this power, Lady Macbeth to become queen or Macbeth to become king, it caused this whole predicament. If Macbeth didnt care at all about becoming the king, he probably wouldnt have murdered Duncan to become king, and to later have his life fall apart. Throughout the play Macbeth, there were many very evil people, places, and things. The evil in in the play was a domino effect. Starting with the withches, and ending with Macduff taking Macbeths head. The evil, be it the witches, his wife, or greed, ended it with a blood bath of revenge.

Correcting Run-On Sentences Proofreading Practice

Correcting Run-On Sentences Proofreading Practice This exercise will give you practice in identifying and correcting run-on sentences. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review how to  correct a run-on sentence with a period or semicolon  and  correcting run-ons through coordination and subordination. The following paragraph contains three run-on sentences (fused sentences and/or comma splices). Read the paragraph aloud and mark any run-on sentences that you find. Then correct each run-on according to the method you think is most effective. When you have completed the exercise, compare your corrections with the following paragraph below it. Run-On Sentence Exercise Why I Had to Get Rid of the Monster Although I am a dog-lover by nature, I recently had to give away my three-month-old retriever, Plato. I had several good reasons for doing so. A few months ago I picked up the dog at the Humane Society as a Christmas gift for my girlfriend. Alas, she dumped me on Christmas Eve I was left to console myself by caring for the dog. Thats when my true misery began. For one thing, Plato was not housebroken. Throughout the apartment he left little mementos, staining rugs and furniture and fouling the air, he would burrow under any newspapers I laid down for him. To make matters worse, his untamed potty habits were supported by an insatiable appetite. Not content with a sack of Kibbles n Bits every day, he would also gnaw at the couch and shred clothes, sheets, and blankets, one night he chewed up a friends new pair of clogs. Finally, Plato simply wasnt happy being cooped up by himself in a small apartment. Whenever I left, he would begin whimpering, and that soon turned into furious barking . As a result, my neighbors were threatening to murder both me and the monster, as they took to calling him. So, after six weeks of life with Plato, I gave him away to my uncle in Baxley. Fortunately, Uncle Jerry is quite accustomed to animal feed, waste, noise, and destruction. Corrected Version of Run-On Sentence Paragraph Below is the corrected version of the paragraph used in the exercise above. Why I Had to Get Rid of the Monster Although I am a dog-lover by nature, I recently had to give away my three-month-old retriever, Plato. I had several good reasons for doing so. A few months ago I picked up the dog at the Humane Society as a Christmas gift for my girlfriend.  Alas, when she dumped me on Christmas Eve, I was left to console myself by caring for the dog.  Thats when my true misery began. For one thing, Plato was not housebroken.  Throughout the apartment he left little mementos, staining rugs and furniture and fouling the air. He would burrow under any newspapers I laid down for him.  To make matters worse, his untamed potty habits were supported by an insatiable appetite.  Not content with a sack of Kibbles n Bits every day, he would also gnaw at the couch and shred clothes, sheets, and blankets. One night he chewed up a friends new pair of clogs.  Finally, Plato simply wasnt happy being cooped up by himself in a small apartment. Whenever I left, he would begin whimpering, and that soon tur ned into furious barking. As a result, my neighbors were threatening to murder both me and the monster, as they took to calling him. So, after six weeks of life with Plato, I gave him away to my uncle in Baxley. Fortunately, Uncle Jerry is quite accustomed to animal feed, waste, noise, and destruction.

Brent Staples, just walk on by Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brent Staples, just walk on by - Essay Example Somehow, the author expresses his surprises about the sweeping generalizations superficially formulated for Blacks; and some are even the most non-sense ever. He conveys about the inability of the Whites to live peacefully and soundly with the Blacks; he conveys about the Whites unwillingness to stop and think about the freedom that makes America a new melting pot of races; the segregation that guards the possibility of openness between the two races so the Whites always feel troubled of the Blacks. The essay touches on three themes: the undying repercussions of segregation, discrimination, and the White’s traditionally ascribed fear over the Blacks. The author speaks in a personal point of view. He is black, which is quite clear. He uses his own experiences in order to corroborate his claims about how Blacks are always mistakenly referred to as the â€Å"bad† people of the society. He starts by describing Blacks being mistakenly thought of as wicked people. This wickedness even comes in an assorted fashion: thug, burglar, a constant source of fright. This, in some way, suggests of the direness of the White’s fear. The author uses his personal experience of a young woman whom he describes as â€Å"white, well-dressed† and young at her early twenties (Staples, â€Å"Just Walk on By†). Upon seeing him at a discreet distance, the woman scampered seriously. It is valid to surmise that they are strangers to each other but where did the fear of the woman come from? Seen this way, there has been a superficial generalization of Blacks as a threat or a danger. Where did these fresh Whites get their notion of Blacks as frightening? The Whites would always refer to the history between the two races: Whites being the more educated, superior ones while the Blacks remain slaves. In the later passages, the author uses the word â€Å"thunk† four times. This is an onomatopoeia that subtly refers to how the Whites

Practical Application of the Ethical Decision-Making Manual for Essay

Practical Application of the Ethical Decision-Making Manual for Helping Professionals - Essay Example This model focuses on ethical strategies within an inter-professional context, so that it attempts to provide guidance for ethical dilemmas that may occur across the helping professions, such as education, nursing, social work, law and medicine (Steinman, Franks Richardson & McEnroe, 1998). This paper shall review the complexity of ethical decisions that are at times required by teachers within elementary, middle and high schools. Firstly, a brief outline of five ethical principles considered necessary for all ethical decision-making models shall be provided. Secondly, the model of Steinman, Franks Richardson and McEnroe shall be detailed. Next, applications of the proposed ethical decision-making model shall be presented, as relevant to ethical considerations within the school system. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of the paper to highlight the importance of ethics to schools. School staffs continually experience situations that could be considered ethical dilemmas, in which they are required to apply confident and strong decision-making abilities (Strike, 1997). As such, for school staff to behave in a manner that is considered ethical, it is necessary that they also be responsible for their behavior, as the two are interdependent concepts (Strike, 1997). Essentially, school staffs are expected as educational leaders to continually develop the ability and capacity for reflection on their behaviors and choices to determine if they have acted ethically. Although many of the numerous decisions teachers and other schools staff make throughout a single day may not immediately appear to have ethical implications, contemporary Western societies are experiencing a rapid advancement in technologies, increases in litigations, and an increased emphasis on issues of social protection, all of which are relevant to the conduct of school staff. Additionally, at a local level, educational institutions are more and more are required to adopt standardized assessments of student achievement, and to be aware of issues of equal opportunity across genders, ethnicities and physical/cognitive abilities (Strike, 1997). Another ethical consideration relevant to the school includes the evaluation of teachers' performance (Messer, 2001).Ethical decision-making models tend to be based on five over-riding moral principles (Kitchener, 1984 as cited in Bradley and Hendricks, 2001). Kitchener (1984) determined that these five principles formed the basis of the concepts that comprise any ethical decision (as cited in Bradley & Hendricks, 2001). The five moral principles are: 1) Autonomy - each individual is acknowledged to have a freedom of choice. In regards to school staffs, they have the right to make their own decisions that align with theirpersonal philosophies, whilst also recognizing that they are responsible for theirdecisions, and that this responsibility requires assessment of the effects of one'sactions on others. The rights of autonomy extend to students, and school staffs are