What is a revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is a transformation - Essay ExampleFrom whatever direction you approach it, revolution implies a need to consider the historical events before, during, and after a revolution. What were the precipitating factors that brought rough the peoples call for change? How did they proceed to bring about the change? Did the change in fact accomplish the goals in the changes it brought about?There are many good examples of revolution to be considered the French Revolution, the events of which began in 1787, when the call for change rang out among the French and ended in 1799, with a new Constitution. Another famous revolution is the American Revolution, which lead to Americas independence from England.A revolution, which has not yet been identified as a revolution, and is one that, while it has been extensively discussed by notable authors and journalists such as Bernard Lewis, in his 2005 commentary entitled Freedom and Justice in the Modern Middle East is perhaps better known as the Wa r on act of terrorism is the Muslim Islamic revolution that has been ongoing since the time of the Prophet Mohammad (Lewis 1-26). Muslims particularly those in the Middle East have suffered new experiences that have transformed their fancy of themselves and the world and reshaped the language in which they discuss it (1).The experience of Muslims includes the occupation of Egypt by Napoleon, in 1798 (2). The social norms and French law that Napoleon brought with him and attempted to apply to Egypts Muslims, were in stark contrast to the laws of Islam (2). The rule book, Lewis writes, for example, makes it clear that there is a duty of obedience Obey God, obey the Prophet, obey those who hold authority over you (6). The Koran also gives instructions concerning under what conditions, in case those conditions are not already made clear by the three previously cited dictates by saying,

History and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

History and Political Science - Essay ExampleThe intellect generally refers to a human beings capacity to go for the strengths of logic and deduction to make judgments in relation to learning and knowledge on a subject or matter of significance. Etymologically, the Greek word logos means reasonableness. It is also atomic number 53 of the guiding principles of philosophy. A fundamental attribute of the reason is clarity and it is so because vague judgments or instincts ar not considered reason, reason has to sound, precise and logical. The ideas of democracy and reason are relatively intertwined such that neither one can possibly function properly without the other. Both democracy and reason are based on the foundations of freedom of thought and speech which allows every psyche to exercise their right to thinking freely without restriction and then presenting these thoughts in the form of reasonable discussion formed by logic and objective soul of any matter of importance. ..n o system of government can or should be imposed upon one nation by any other. (Obama, Barack, 2009). If a nation or a country is not liberated in the sense that there is alien oppression or control, it goes without saying that even the minds and perception consisting of reason are clogged as well. In a true democracy, the mob which comprises of the majority formulates all the rules, ethics, morals and regulations on the basis of reason and logical rationale. The reason is a humans tool of understanding and judgment. It is the method of identifying entities through ones senses. We use our minds to identify what we throw away observed by gathering more perceptual teaching until we can understand what we see. Reason is the element of a human that allows it to understand how exactly to gather information, and which information to gather. This gathering of information leads to a process whereby we utilize the power of reason to mix up and combine the information in a more organized and efficient way this organized form of information is converted into knowledge. The new found knowledge is processed with body of knowledge that a human already has, in order to gain a correct understanding of it. This cycle results in the form of well reasoned judgments and opinions. The idea of democracy suggests that if the common man that makes up the majority of a nation is authorize and allowed to make up the government that controls the nation, usually through a representative party or group, then that common man must also have the powers of reason and logic to form the wisest of judgments and opinions so as to allow for the best and most practical set of rules, regulation, laws, morals and ethics to form. The inclusion of reason in laying the foundations of democratic ideas is essential so that there is minimal conflict. It is impossible for democracy and reason to survive on their own they are like lungs and a human, neither one is useful without the presence of the other. In the same way, if democracy chose to survive alone it would not be able be able to do so because the principles and the ideas of democracy lay their emphasis on the objectivity of reason. Reason can also not in itself survive, in

Cultural Differences as an Issue of the Past Essay Example for Free

Cultural Differences as an Issue of the Past EssayIn the daily lives of individuals cultural ch on the wholeenges is often experienced. It is cognise that due to migration various ethnicities have already been present in the American Society. For such reason, more and more foreigners are able to work, live and be naturalized as American citizens. Although these migrants are able adapt to the lifestyle of Americans, their ethnic close still remain within their norms, appreciates and culture. Therefore in this postal service the American cultures as well as the native culture of the immigrants are mixed. Although such situation is believed not post any concerns, it had been proven by many another(prenominal) analysts, authors and other individuals that cultural ch eachenges are very much present in the society. Culture is known to be the way of life of a person. Therefore, culture defines a person. However, what if a person has a variety of culture surrounding him or her? How does he or she deal with such given situation? Diversity, as say by Thomas Sowell is a concept wherein used by many individuals.But still, the authors believe that no person truly has a grasp of the original meaning of diversity. He utilized the example of the American people acknowledging the 4th of July as their day of independence yet no one truly sees the brilliance of such day. Moreover, it leads to an extensive criticism to the united States of America. In short, more and more people recognize that there is diversity but a few hardly know the significance of such word. (Sowell 2008)From my personal perspective, people are currently in the mode of shifting beliefs due to the fact that diversity is still a new concept being learned by many. In the United States, there had been many immigrants accepting their green cards therefore acquiring all the rights and legitimacy as an American citizen. Most of such immigrants already have their whole family with them. Yet, the conce pt of having to life with other cultural norms except the American culture is still not fully accepted by many Americans.For most Americans the United States is for natural born Americans only but due to the concept of globalisation and diversity such situation cannot be hindered. Therefore, diversity and cultural challenges should be accepted and resolved. Similar to what the article of Carole Parker, differences should be managed in order to crate a peaceful society. (Parker 2008) In addition to the concepts of diversity, concerns regarding the combination of cultures are an issue raised.Given that there are Asian, Hispanics, African-Americans, white Americans and other ethnicities present in the United States, cultures of all these ethnic backgrounds will naturally collide with each other due to its variations. However establishments and individuals must learn that differences as only challenges that are needed to be faced in order for them to fully integrate the society into a peaceful and diverse state. In conclusion, the cultural challenges are truly present in the society due to the diverse norms and traditions which is currently present.Through proper knowledge and selective information regarding matters of culture, the concept of managing differences and colliding of ideas must be done by different organization as a solution to the problems. If cultural challenges are retained only as a challenge, a range of problems will arise such as, discomfort, annoyance, irritation, and etc as an escalating process of conflict. Before such development arise it is better than solutions are present therefore, wider array of conflicts may be hindered.Through the mitigation processes and proper information provided, cultural challenges will remain as a thing of the past. Therefore, the challenges that were faced will remain and it shall be converted as a norm, a value or a tradition for the whole American society. References Sowell, T. (2008). Understanding and Man aging Diversity (4th Edition) In C. Harvey M. J. Allard (Eds) pp. 69-74. United States of America Prentice Hall. Parker, C. (2008). Understanding and Managing Diversity (4th Edition) In C. Harvey M. J. Allard (Eds) pp. 28-30. United States of America Prentice Hall.

Just Another Lionel Messi Essay Example for Free

Just Another Lionel Messi EssayStanding at just over 5 feet 6 inches tall , and with an age of just 24 , Lionel Messi is touted to be one of the greatest players of all time , maybe even the greatest . Maradonna famously termed him his successor , and although Pele finds reasons not to call him the greatest of all time , its probably cause hed rather not give up his title to someone else. clement nature, you could say,but well up,hes going to have to agree sooner or later. Cristiano Ronaldo has it all. He has the stats, he has the ability, he has the strength. There is no doubt in the fact that Cristiano Ronaldo has been grossly underestimated when it comes to comparisons with Messi. Messi cant head the ball like Ronaldo. Ronaldo can probably do everything that Messi can with his feet. But then what is it that Messi has that attracts every single person to the beautiful spirited? The fact that he lives for the game.Once he gets the ball , he will not leave it until he has done justice to his ability with the ball. All unbelievably skilful players, Ronaldo , Nani , you name them, dive at the first opportunity presented to them . Lionel Messi never dives. If youre wondering what I mean by dive, and Im assuming you probably are , it is the practice of falling to the ground ,pretending to be injured, appealing for a foul, and then ,once the purpose is fulfilled, ending up running most the field without any hint of injury.Lionel Messi hardly ever does it . In fact he never does it . Messi is humble, probably the humblest great of all time . After marking seven goals in the past week, and being on the verge of becoming the all-time highest goalscorer of Barcelona, he still credits the clubs run of success,as well as his , to coach Pep Guardiola. Lionel Messi never dives. He plays fair. And when he does,he makes sure we all know , that he was born to play this game .

Americans for Safe Access vs Dea Essay Example for Free

Americans for Safe Access vs Dea EssayAbstractThis paper examined The Americans for Safe Accesss petition before a federal law butterfly to devote the medicate Enforcement giving medication reduce its current variety of hemp as a inscription I drug. As this case goes before the court, there could be three possible outcomes a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, the defendant, or a decision for the DEA to go over marihuanas current mixed bag. Of these three outcomes, I believed there would be sufficient distinguish in my findings to support a decision by the justices to reexamine marijuanas classification. One key component to this decision will be whether or not ample evidence exists to support marijuanas aesculapian examination exercise, as a drug that is used for checkup treatment is typically not categorise as enrolment I. Evidence for arguments from both sides was gathered from various sources, including medical exam publishings, the University of upper-c ase letters School of Medicine archives, and online articles. After reviewing this information, the conclusion that enough evidence exists to reexamine marijuanas current classification was move overed.IntroductionAs to a greater extent and more states petition to and effectively pass legislation to legalize medical marijuana, its current classification as a highly banned substance by the Federal Drug judiciary continues to serve as a raspy stance against the desires of the public for the option of marijuana as a medical treatment. The escalation of this debate in the political and federal arena appears to be overtaking the medical industries ability to locate marijuanas harms and benefits. Perhaps the heart of this debate lies in marijuanas current classification by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Schedule 1 drug. Of all of the drugs on the current DEA Schedule I, list marijuana is the only one that has doctors supporting its medical uses. In light of this, does mariju ana still deserve the analogous classification as heroin and LSD? As more states are passing this legislation and more states desire it, is it now time to reexamine marijuanas current classification? Section 1 Case/Issue SummaryLast year, the Drug Enforcement Administration rejected a petition by medical marijuana advocates to reduce its classification as a Schedule I drug, which kept marijuana in the same category as drugs such as heroin. The DEA concluded that there wasnt a consensus opinion among experts on using marijuana for medical purposes (Press, 2012). However, medical marijuana advocates have not given up in their pursuit to reduce the jurist section and Drug Enforcement Administrations classification of marijuana.In my chosen case, the plaintiff is Americans for Safe Access and the defendant is the Justice Department. Once again, the key issue at hand is the Drug Enforcement Administrations continued classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug. In order to be class ified as a Schedule I drug, the drug must be officially determined to have no medical use and a high say-so for abuse (McClathy, 2012). Justice Department attorneys site an absence of operable evidence of acceptable and controlled studies, and a lack of agreement among experts as to marijuanas effectiveness as a medicine, as their basis for its current Schedule I classification. Those stand up against the Justice Department have that regulators are disregarding hundreds of peer-reviewed studies on the effectiveness of medical marijuana and the subsequent medical marijuana laws passed by 16 some former(a) states.The concerns for both the plaintiff and the defendant lie in the same key issue is there enough acceptable medical evidence that marijuana does in feature have medicinal benefits? Studies and opinions as to which side has the most support to back its claim are widely varied, but both sides claim they have sufficient evidence to support their assertions. Take, for examp le, to very different statements, one from the medical book Marijuana as Medicine? The Science Beyond the Controversy (Mack Joy, 2001), and the other from the medical book Marijuana and Medicine, Assessing the Science Base (Joy Stanley, 1999) The cannabis plant (marijuana) . . . has therapeutic benefits and could ease the suffering of millions of persons with various illnesses such as AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders, chronic pain, and other maladies. from the editors introduction to Cannabis in Medical Practice, by Mary Lynn Mathre, R.N. (Mack Joy, 2001). Consequently, the rapid growth in basic research on cannabinoids contrasts with the paucity of substantial clinical studies on medical uses. (Joy Stanley, 1999).These two statements help highlight just how much inconsistency on exists on this issue, inconsistency that could be a concern for both the plaintiff and the defendant. Section 2 Identification and Evaluation of all Main Possible Solutions though the challenge filed by the plaintiff is directly asking for one solution, there are several solutions that could be reached. The first solution would be that the judges would banish the challenge without review. The result of this would be that the appeals court considers marijuanas current classification to be proper and this would represent solid validation of the DEAs potentiality to determine a drugs status and classification.There would be evidence to back this decision. According to the doctors that authored Marijuana and Medicine, more extensive data exists on the harmful effect of marijuana than data on its medical benefits (Joy Stanley, 1999). It is the opinion of these doctors that clinical studies on marijuanas positive and negative effects are difficult to conduct, due to both difficulty in procuring funding and the encumbrances of the many federal regulations involved with such testing (Joy Stanley, 1999). The court could also reach this decision due to the bioethical principle of Nonmaleficence. Under the standards of care, this is the principle that a healthcare provider should not bring harm to a diligent (McCormick, 1998). Should the court determine that not enough evidence exists to support marijuanas medical benefits, it would have to conclude that prescribing marijuana to a patient could lead to their harm.This decision by the court would serve as a strong deterrent to future challenges of the DEAs classifications of drugs. The consequences would be a major setback for advocates of widespread legalization of prescription(prenominal) marijuana. Dismissing the challenge would, for the time being, lay to rest all claims made by Americans for Safe Access. Another solution would be for the district court to decide a reduction in marijuanas drug classification to be justified. For the plaintiffs, reducing marijuanas classification from a Schedule I drug to a lesser controlled substance would be a major step in their ultimate quest to see marijuana legalized for medical use in the remaining 34 states that dont already allow for such use (Press, 2012). Should its classification be reduced to a Schedule II drug, it would then be legal for marijuana to be prescribed to patients in need. Along with the physical medical benefits, reducing marijuanas classification would also lessen the penalties faced by those found in possession of it. Currently, possession of a Schedule I drug can carry a maximum sentence of up to 7 years in prison.Ruling in favor of the plaintiff could indicate that the judges felt the principle of kind-heartedness that a healthcare professional must act to provide medical benefit to a patient is involved (McCormick, 1998). In this case, the benefit to the patient would be relief from pain and protection from harm. A recent petition by Governor and former senator Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island, and Governor Christine Gregoire of Washington filed made the assertion that patients with wicked medical conditions who could benefit from medical use of cannabis do not have a safe and consistent source of the drug as a result of its current classification (Madison, 2011). This ruling could also be a result of the justices deciding that enough trusted medical evidence does in fact exists to support the use of marijuana for medical purposes.According to the book Marijuana Medical Handbook Practical Guide to Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana, some medical marijuana specialists have reported a significantly large inwardness of uses for medical marijuana, ranging from treatment for nausea and convulsions to an appetite stimulant for cancer patients (Gieringer, Rosenthal Carter, 2010) For the Justice Department and Drug Enforcement Administration, seeing marijuanas classification reduced would be a major setback in its efforts to eradicate a drug that Justice Department lawyer Lena Watkins says is the most widely abused drug in the United States, (Press, 2012). A decision against them by the federal court would essentially expunge all of their efforts, along with damaging their ability to make similar determinations in the future.A third solution could be that the court could order the Drug Enforcement Administration to take a more in-depth look at the available evidence (McClathy, 2012). This would be a blow to the DEA, who claims they have spent a substantial amount of time and energy in executing due diligence to determine marijuanas Schedule I classification.It would counter their stance that not enough acceptable evidence and proper studies can be found to support marijuanas medical benefits. In turn, a decision by the court for the DEA to reexamine its evidence could ultimately lead to another challenge for its legalization. Consequently, this same decision would be very positive for Americans for Safe Access. They claim that the DEA has failed to consider notable support for medical marijuana from many respected institutions, all of whom support the reclassification of marijuana (McClathy, 2012).A request by the Court of Appeals for the DEA to reexamine its findings could be due to the principle of respect for autonomy. This principle protects the patients right to make their own informed decisions with regards to treatment (McCormick, 1998). Not having access to the crush evidence as to marijuanas medical benefits could act against this principle. The principle of justice could also play a part in this ruling. A patient in Missouri suffering the same amount of pain as a patient in California, but not having the opportunity to benefit from the same medicinal advancements as a patient in California, might be a constitute a breach of the principle of judgment in the eyeball of the court.Section 3 Decision Statement and Defense Against WeaknessesAfter examining the facts of the case and all possible solutions, the solution to allow for the reduction of marijuanas classification to a Schedule II drug come out s the most prudent. This conclusion was reached for several reasons. Despite the DEAs claims, there appears to be enough acceptable evidence on the ASAs side to support its assertion that marijuana has applicable medical benefits. Cocaine is certainly proven to be a harmful substance when interpreted irresponsibly, yet its remote medical benefits have landed it on the Drug Enforcement Administrations Schedule II. For marijuana to remain on the Schedule I list while cocaine is on Schedule II hardly seems just considering there is even one state that has passed legal medical marijuana legislation. That there is even a small amount of substantial evidence from credible institutions supporting marijuanas medical benefits makes the penalties involved with its possession seem severe.The recent petition sighted earlier by the two governors offers that they have support from many respected institutions, including The American Medical Association, The American College of Physicians, the Rhod e Island Medical Society, the Washington State Medical Association the Washington State Pharmacy (Madison, 2011). All of these institutions are respected, making a decision to dismiss the challenge without even a reexamination seem imprudent. One also cant help but wonder if the DEAs current stance comes from a fear of its potential legalization for recreational use. This solution would also address another important issue in terms of marijuana use, and that would be to provide safe, reliable, regulated use of marijuana for patients who are suffering,, as the governors have suggested (Press, 2012). In conclusion, certainly it seems that the current Schedule 1 classification of marijuana obstructs the medical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice.ReferencesGieringer, D., Rosenthal, E., Carter, G. T. (2010). Marijuana medical handbook, applicative guide to therapeutic uses of marijuana. Oakland Quick American Archives. Joy, J. E., Stanley, J. W. (1999). Marijuana and med icine, assessing the science base. National Academies Press. (Joy Stanley, 1999) Mack, A., Joy, J. E. (2001). Marijuana as medicine?, the science beyond the controversy. Washington, D.C. National Academies Press. (Mack Joy, 2001) Madison, L. (2011, November 30). Govs. chafee, gregoire lobby for reclassification of marijuana. Retrieved from http//www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57334326-503544/govs-chafee-gregoire-lobby-for-reclassification-of-marijuana/? traverse=contentMaincontentBody McClathy, N. (2012, October 12). Medical marijuana case going before court. Maine Sunday Telegram. Retrieved from http//www.pressherald.com/news/medical-marijuana-case-going-before-court_2012-10-13.html McCormick, T. R. (1998). Principles of bioethics. Ethics in edicine University of Washinton School of Medicine, Retrieved from http//depts.washington.edu/bioethx/tools/princpl.html Press, A. (2012, October 16). Federal court considers marijuana classification. Retrieved from http//www.cbsnews.com/83 01-201_162-57533647/federal-court-considers-marijuana-classification/

A burn injuries

A rationalise injuriesInterpretation ExerciseBurn injuries be most often ca apply when the skin comes in direct contact with a naked flame or a hot surface. Scalding can occur when at that place is contact with a hot liquid. There are several other types of burns such as chemical, caused by strong acids or bases, and radiation, the most unremarkably known example being sunburn from UV light.Burns are classified by degree, where severity increases with a gamyer degree. A newer classification arranging separates burns into three categories superficial, partial thickness and full thickness burns. The long-suffering role in the scenario has a full thickness third degree burn. This usually results in loss of the outer skin layer (epidermis) causing the patients skin to be numb and feel hard and leathery to the touch. This degree of burn requires immediate health check attention as they do not heal on their own. Proteins at the site of injury denature and cells eventually die, mark ed by the formation of melanize eschar at the centre of the wound. Once the skin barrier has been broken, the homeostatic functions of the skin are lost. There is rapid loss of body fluid and blood plasm which can sometimes cause visible swelling.As the skin is the bodys first line of defence, burn wound infections correlate with the size of the burn injury. The epidermis everlastingly sheds off and takes harmful bacteria with it. Furthermore, the acidic nature of the skin prevents the entry of microorganisms that generally prefer neutral conditions. Burns are also associated with a dispirited immune response. Given this information, it is no surprise that infection is the principal cause of death in burn victims. As it is a third degree burn, the patient will have spent some time in infirmary where on that point is a greater risk of infection. Patient to patient contact via hospital equipment and staff allows rapid transmission of pathogenic bacteria. The burn wound is a favour able site for opportunistic colonization by pathogens because the eschar provides a moist, protein rich environment which encourages bacterial ontogeny. The excess of necrotic tissue provides a rich growth long suit for the microorganism.In the clinical presentation, the patient complained of fever, chills and an unpleasant smelling discharge from the burn wound. These are all signs of infection so the doctor was correct to prescribe the patient an antibiotic. However, on the basis of the array of microbiology data collected in the laboratory, the doctors prime(a) of antibiotic was incorrect. A two week course of flucloxacillin 500mg was prescribed to the patient to be taken orally 4 times daily. Flucloxacillin is an antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group. It is used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, most comm however Staphylococcus aureus. In the laboratory, the microscopic slide was examined under a microscope using the oil immersion lens. rod shaped microorganisms were observed and they were stained a pink/red distort. This establishs the bacteria present in the pus samples is gram negative. Therefore, flucloxacillin would have no healing(p) military force to the patient as it is only bactericidal against gram-positive cells.The three agar-agar plates were examined and observations on the colour, shape, size and smell of the colonies was noted. There was no visible growth on the Mannitol salt agar (MSA) plate. This type of selective agar is used to isolate Staphylococcus aureus as it inhibits most other bacteria due to its high sodium chloride concentration (7.5 %w/v). The absence of growth on the MSA plate provides further evidence that there is no Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in the patient.The colonies on the cetrimide agar were a pale, cloudy brown colour and gave off the smell of rotting fruit. The use of cetrimide agar as a selective and differential agar allows for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative microorganism. Cetrimide is an ammonia compound which inhibits most bacteria, including some Pseudomonas species (but not P. aeruginosa). It also enhances production of the pigment pyocyanin which results in smart as a whip green colonies. However, some strains of P. aeruginosa do not produce the pigment. The growth on this plate confirmed the pathogen present in the patient is Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the colourless colonies indicate it is a non-pigment producing strain.There was also growth on the MacConkey agar where the colonies were somewhat colourless but had an orange tinge. MacConkey agar is a selective differential medium used to identify gram-negative bacteria and determine whether they are lactose fermenters. Fermenters appear as bright red colonies whilst non-fermenters are relatively colourless. As there was growth on this plate, the microorganism is definitely gram-negative but not a fermenter due to the absence of red colonies. P. aeruginosa does not ferment lactose which explains the colour of the colonies.An oxidase sort was carried out which gave a positive result, indicated by a deep blue colour at the end of the test stick. An oxidase positive microbe possesses the enzyme indispensable in the final stage of respiration to form metabolic water. Only aerobic or facultatively anaerobic microorganisms give a positive result. This biochemical test presents further evidence that P. aeruginosa is the infection causing bacteria because it is an obligate aerobe and therefore possess the cytochrome oxidase enzyme.Broth bottles containing growth medium, a bacterial culture and an antibiotic at five different concentrations (all in g/ml) were observed. Cloudy broth dilutions indicated the bacteria was resistant and was able to grow. Clear broth dilutions showed the bacteria was sensitive to the antibiotic and its growth was inhibited. The bacteria was resistant to erythromycin at all concentrations used (1.25-20g/ml). Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic tie in to penicillin. The results indicate it would have no therapeutic effect if prescribed to the patient. Amoxicillin showed healthful activity against the microorganism at concentrations of 20g/ml and 40g/ml. However, at concentrations above 12g/ml, the bacterium is considered resistant to amoxicillin so it has no therapeutic effect to the patient. Penicillins do not seem to have significant antimicrobial set up for this pathogen which shows the doctor was incorrect in his prescription of flucloxacillin as it is too a member of the penicillin group. The dose of 500mg will unlikely be high enough to be beneficial and any therapeutic doses would be at too high a concentration and therefore impractical.Cefuroxime, a second generation cephalosporin, was stiff at concentrations of 16g/ml and 32g/ml. Again, this was above the intermediate concentration range so does not benefit the patient. A newer generation cephalosporin may need to be used as they provid e coverage against a broader spectrum of bacteria. The broth dilution containing ticarcillin was clear at concentrations of 8g/ml and 16g/ml. The intermediate concentration range for this drug is 10-20g/ml so the minimum inhibitory concentration is 8g/ml. This drug is a carboxypenicillin a sub group of the penicillin family. The bacteria showed moderate sensitivity to the drug but only at fairly high concentrations. Amikacin was also effective below its intermediate range (6-10g/ml) and inhibited bacterial growth at concentrations of 4g/ml, 6g/ml and 8g/ml. Amikacin is an aminoglycoside and is a suitable antibiotic to use against this pathogen as it showed high sensitivity to the drug.The doctors choice of antimicrobial therapy will not be beneficial to the patient as flucloxacillin is effective against gram-positive bacteria only and the patient is infected with gram-negative P. aeruginosa. Unnecessary use of this antibiotic could cause bacterial resistance. P. aeruginosa is natu rally resistant to a astray range of antibiotics and thus infections where it is the causative agent can be difficult to treat. Broad-spectrum agents are required as they are the only drugs which provide coverage against the bacteria. The patient could be treated with an aminoglycoside such as amikacin. Gentamicin could also be used but the experimental data shows the pathogen is definitely sensitive to amikacin and studies have set that P. aeruginosa is more likely to develop resistance to gentamicin than amikacin. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal and act by interfering with the bacterial ribosome, leading to incorrect reading of courier RNA. This would be used along with a third generation cephalosporin such as ceftazidime. Carboxypenicillins could also be used (e.g. ticarcillin) but they have only moderate activity against Pseudomonas species and research has shown that bacteria quickly develop resistance to them. Third generation cephalosporins provide coverage against P. aeru ginosa, unlike 1st and second generation which have a more limited spectrum of activity. They are also bactericidal and exert their effect by interfering with cell wall synthesis. Although there is no significant evidence of the benefits to using the two drugs in combination, it is rational to do so as it prevents the emergence of mutant genes resistant to one of the agents. some(prenominal) drugs are also thought to have a synergistic effect when used together. Neither of these drugs are absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract so essential(prenominal) be administered via the parenteral route. Amikacin is given via intramuscular injection at a dose of 15mg/kg daily in two divided doses. The dose must be decided carefully as high levels of amikacin in the blood stream can cause damage to the ear (ototoxicity). Ceftazidime is given by intravenous infusion at a dose of approximately 2g every 12 hours, depending on the severity of the infection.In summary, the available microbiology data indicates that the doctors presumptive diagnosing was incorrect and that the patient has a burns infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The absence of growth on the MSA plate disproved the idea of a staph aureus related infection. Gram-negative rods observed on the slide and growth on the MacConkey agar clarified that the microorganism was gram-negative. Growth on the cetrimide agar plate confirmed the front end of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the patients pus sample. Examination of the broth dilutions helped determine a suitable combination of antibiotics for the patient to take. These would be need therapeutic and possess antimicrobial activity against the pathogen, unlike the doctors prescription of flucloxacillin. Use of a third generation cephalosporin with an aminoglycoside should effectively clear up the infection in the patient future(a) completion of the course of antibiotics.

The problem with Management of Police Corruption

The problem with Management of guard CorruptionIntroductionPolice putrefaction is a problem facing many global law en pull inment systems. Most countries argon faced with challenges of dealing with corrupt legal philosophy women and men who undermine enforcement of the law. Police depravation involves acts of misconduct aimed at obtaining personal benefits, financial gain or advancement in c beers which are performed in exchange for selectively pursuing or non pursuing an arrest or investigation (Peter 74). thither are many forms of police corruption and unrivaled of the most common is acceptance of bribes in wander to ignore arrest or investigation of accredited criminal activities. In the US, this form of corruption is seen where organized crime such as prostitution or drug activities are concerned. A nonher common form of police corruption in particular in the US is flouting conduct and procedures to gain conviction of a suspect. This whitethorn take the form of falsifying render which implicates a suspect. In rare cases, police participate in criminal activities.Most law enforcement agencies do not state statistics of police corruption due to fear of loss of public support for the force in armed combat crime. However, it is acknowledged that police corruption is one of the greatest obstacles to fighting of crime. It is even harder to fight organized crimes since in many cases police officers receive payment to protect the criminals. In countries such as Mexico, fighting drug use is a serious problem since most police officers are corrupt and protect the drug lords. This paper will evaluate poli8ce corruption, the forms it takes and stamp down recommendations which should be implemented in order to end the vice and ensure equal application of the law. The discussed issues will be summarized at the end.Forms of police corruptionThere are various forms of police corruption which are witnessed in the police force. These will be briefly discussed below Opportunistic theftsThis is a form of police corruption where officers worry in theft whenever they encounter an opportunity which facilitates the same. This is a major challenge facing the police force since it is difficult to prove opportunist thefts by police officers in coquettes of law. An example of an opportunistic theft may occur when officers rec everyplace stolen property or money but intentionally undervalue it in order to keep some for themselves. Others may arrive at accident scenes or murder scenes and steal valuables from the injured or dead. In certain cases, police officers steal money or valuables from people they arrest. Such forms of corruption are difficult to prosecute since in most cases there are some if any witnesses who witness the crime (Roleff 16-18).Protection of bootleg activitiesProtection of illegal activities is one of the greatest challenges facing established law enforcement agencies across the world. There are many police officers who are inv olved in protecting perpetrators of organized crime and in many cases, such officers have high trust. This makes it difficult for next-to-last officers to arrest and prosecute such offenders (Jerome 8). Organized crimes such as sale of drugs, prostitution, human trafficking and gambling usually thrive due to protection from police officers. normally officers are offered cash incentives or other benefits which compromise their principles. In yet other cases, police officers are either blackmailed or threatened with harm to their families or themselves in order to guarantee their protection of illegal activities. Such forms of police corruption are also difficult to prove in a court of law since organized criminals are usually intelligent and hide their activities very efficiently. Police officers who protect them also make prosecuting such criminals very difficult.Corruption of authorityThis is a form of corruption which involves the reception of free meals, drinks and gratitude f rom people the police are supposed to serve. This form of corruption may or may not be originally be intended to corrupt the police officer. both(prenominal)times the public gives officers free gifts as a means of appreciation for services rendered. However, over time, this culture leads to corruption in the police force since officers feel obliged to serve people who reward them more efficiently than those who do not (Punch 53-58). Some corrupt individuals may also use such gifts as a means of blackmailing officers to perform specific services which may not be lawful. numerous police departments have outlawed the reception of gifts of any form by police officers from the people they serve.Direct criminal activitiesThere are cases where law enforcers including policemen straight off commit crimes which they are supposed to prevent. Such police officers commit crimes while disguised as civilians and this makes it difficult for other law enforcers to arrest and prosecute them. Poli ce officers have sophisticated training beyond that possessed by ordinary civilians and they are likely to leave little evidence when committing crimes which creates a challenge of prosecuting officers who engage in crime. Some officers have also been known to lend their weapons or uniforms to criminals who may commit crimes which masquerading as police officers. Other collaborate with criminals to commit crimes especially crimes involving stealing of large sums of money such as money escort services. Police officers who commit crimes are usually sacked fro the force and prosecuted as civilians. However, as was previously mentioned, their knowledge of handling weapons and gathering evidence makes tracking and prosecuting such officers difficult.Sabotaging criminal casesThis is a serious form of police corruption which involves directly sabotaging evidence or court processes in order to ensure that a particular suspect is found not guilty and released. Some officers tamper with evide nce self-collected or intentionally do not follow rules of gathering evidence in order to ensure that suspects are released on a technicality. Other do not attend court sessions when summoned in order to ensure that there is inadequate evidence against a suspect. In extreme cases, officers have been known to attend the escape of suspects from custody. All these are serious offences since they undermine the justice system and prevent guilty people from being prosecuted for crimes committed.Solutions for preventing corruption in the police forceThere are various recommendations which may be useful in discouraging police officers from facilitating or engaging in criminal activities. These will be discussed belowLegislationLegislation is one of the most potent check marks to crime. Harsh fines and sentences usually deter criminals from engaging in criminal activities. This form of deterrence also applies to corrupt police officers. Heavy punishment and fines against police officers who are proved to be corrupt in court will act as deterrent to other officers who are considering engaging in criminal activities. Legislators should pass laws which win stiff sentences to officers who engage in corruption. Local police departments should also develop uncollectible policies which discourage corruption against police officers. These policies should encourage the sacking of officers who are found to have engaged in corruption at any level. This will encourage officers to follow their code of conduct and observe equal application of the law to all.Effective remunerationIn many countries, police officers are underpaid and they are compel to work in dangerous conditions with little or no incentives. In fact, many officers are unable to cater for the basic needs of their families on their income unaccompanied and they are forced to supplement their income with income from other activities. This is one major factor which encourages police corruption. Many officers enga ge in corruption due to an inability to sire their families with the income they earn (Tim 31-37). They are forced to engage in illegal activities in order to supplement income. Effective remuneration of officers including adequate allowances will reduce their indigence to engage in corruption and it is likely to reduce cases of police corruption significantly.Sensitizing police and the publicPolice and the public should be sensitized on the adverse effects of corruption in the police force as a long term theme to police corruption. This is the most effective solution to the problem of police corruption. The police should be informed that corruption goes against the oath they took and that it destroys the fabric of society. They should also be aware of the consequences of being caught practicing corruption. The public should also be made aware of the harm caused to society by collaborating with corrupt police. They should understand that corruption within the police force makes so ciety unsafe and causes an upsurge in criminal activities (Prenzler Ransley 78-83). Community policing should be encouraged and communication avenues given to the public to report corrupt police women and men.Recording strive with publicRecording contact between officers and the public is very effective in reducing corruption. Many officers are unlikely to engage in corruption if they are aware that their actions are being recorded. This is an effective strategy which has worked well in the US where police cars have cameras which record contact between such officers and the public. However, it must be note that this is not a very effective long term solution to corruption in the police force since police have devised other methods of practicing corruption away from the glare of the camera. It must also be noted that such recordings are usually effective when police officers are dealing with relatively little offences such as traffic offenses.Summary and conclusionPolice corrupti on has been seen to be a serious problem affecting society. Although there are hardly a(prenominal) statistics on police corruption, the effects of police corruption are clear to all. Various types of police corruption have been discussed and these include opportunistic thefts, protection of illegal activities, corruption of authority, direct criminal activities and sabotaging criminal cases. These forms of corruption lead to an increase in crime and few prosecutions of criminals. Solutions to the problem of police corruption include legislation, effective remuneration, sensitizing police and the public and recording contact with public. Once these recommendations are implemented, cases of police corruption will drastically reduce.