Just Another Lionel Messi Essay Example for Free

Just Another Lionel Messi EssayStanding at just over 5 feet 6 inches tall , and with an age of just 24 , Lionel Messi is touted to be one of the greatest players of all time , maybe even the greatest . Maradonna famously termed him his successor , and although Pele finds reasons not to call him the greatest of all time , its probably cause hed rather not give up his title to someone else. clement nature, you could say,but well up,hes going to have to agree sooner or later. Cristiano Ronaldo has it all. He has the stats, he has the ability, he has the strength. There is no doubt in the fact that Cristiano Ronaldo has been grossly underestimated when it comes to comparisons with Messi. Messi cant head the ball like Ronaldo. Ronaldo can probably do everything that Messi can with his feet. But then what is it that Messi has that attracts every single person to the beautiful spirited? The fact that he lives for the game.Once he gets the ball , he will not leave it until he has done justice to his ability with the ball. All unbelievably skilful players, Ronaldo , Nani , you name them, dive at the first opportunity presented to them . Lionel Messi never dives. If youre wondering what I mean by dive, and Im assuming you probably are , it is the practice of falling to the ground ,pretending to be injured, appealing for a foul, and then ,once the purpose is fulfilled, ending up running most the field without any hint of injury.Lionel Messi hardly ever does it . In fact he never does it . Messi is humble, probably the humblest great of all time . After marking seven goals in the past week, and being on the verge of becoming the all-time highest goalscorer of Barcelona, he still credits the clubs run of success,as well as his , to coach Pep Guardiola. Lionel Messi never dives. He plays fair. And when he does,he makes sure we all know , that he was born to play this game .

Americans for Safe Access vs Dea Essay Example for Free

Americans for Safe Access vs Dea EssayAbstractThis paper examined The Americans for Safe Accesss petition before a federal law butterfly to devote the medicate Enforcement giving medication reduce its current variety of hemp as a inscription I drug. As this case goes before the court, there could be three possible outcomes a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, the defendant, or a decision for the DEA to go over marihuanas current mixed bag. Of these three outcomes, I believed there would be sufficient distinguish in my findings to support a decision by the justices to reexamine marijuanas classification. One key component to this decision will be whether or not ample evidence exists to support marijuanas aesculapian examination exercise, as a drug that is used for checkup treatment is typically not categorise as enrolment I. Evidence for arguments from both sides was gathered from various sources, including medical exam publishings, the University of upper-c ase letters School of Medicine archives, and online articles. After reviewing this information, the conclusion that enough evidence exists to reexamine marijuanas current classification was move overed.IntroductionAs to a greater extent and more states petition to and effectively pass legislation to legalize medical marijuana, its current classification as a highly banned substance by the Federal Drug judiciary continues to serve as a raspy stance against the desires of the public for the option of marijuana as a medical treatment. The escalation of this debate in the political and federal arena appears to be overtaking the medical industries ability to locate marijuanas harms and benefits. Perhaps the heart of this debate lies in marijuanas current classification by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Schedule 1 drug. Of all of the drugs on the current DEA Schedule I, list marijuana is the only one that has doctors supporting its medical uses. In light of this, does mariju ana still deserve the analogous classification as heroin and LSD? As more states are passing this legislation and more states desire it, is it now time to reexamine marijuanas current classification? Section 1 Case/Issue SummaryLast year, the Drug Enforcement Administration rejected a petition by medical marijuana advocates to reduce its classification as a Schedule I drug, which kept marijuana in the same category as drugs such as heroin. The DEA concluded that there wasnt a consensus opinion among experts on using marijuana for medical purposes (Press, 2012). However, medical marijuana advocates have not given up in their pursuit to reduce the jurist section and Drug Enforcement Administrations classification of marijuana.In my chosen case, the plaintiff is Americans for Safe Access and the defendant is the Justice Department. Once again, the key issue at hand is the Drug Enforcement Administrations continued classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug. In order to be class ified as a Schedule I drug, the drug must be officially determined to have no medical use and a high say-so for abuse (McClathy, 2012). Justice Department attorneys site an absence of operable evidence of acceptable and controlled studies, and a lack of agreement among experts as to marijuanas effectiveness as a medicine, as their basis for its current Schedule I classification. Those stand up against the Justice Department have that regulators are disregarding hundreds of peer-reviewed studies on the effectiveness of medical marijuana and the subsequent medical marijuana laws passed by 16 some former(a) states.The concerns for both the plaintiff and the defendant lie in the same key issue is there enough acceptable medical evidence that marijuana does in feature have medicinal benefits? Studies and opinions as to which side has the most support to back its claim are widely varied, but both sides claim they have sufficient evidence to support their assertions. Take, for examp le, to very different statements, one from the medical book Marijuana as Medicine? The Science Beyond the Controversy (Mack Joy, 2001), and the other from the medical book Marijuana and Medicine, Assessing the Science Base (Joy Stanley, 1999) The cannabis plant (marijuana) . . . has therapeutic benefits and could ease the suffering of millions of persons with various illnesses such as AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders, chronic pain, and other maladies. from the editors introduction to Cannabis in Medical Practice, by Mary Lynn Mathre, R.N. (Mack Joy, 2001). Consequently, the rapid growth in basic research on cannabinoids contrasts with the paucity of substantial clinical studies on medical uses. (Joy Stanley, 1999).These two statements help highlight just how much inconsistency on exists on this issue, inconsistency that could be a concern for both the plaintiff and the defendant. Section 2 Identification and Evaluation of all Main Possible Solutions though the challenge filed by the plaintiff is directly asking for one solution, there are several solutions that could be reached. The first solution would be that the judges would banish the challenge without review. The result of this would be that the appeals court considers marijuanas current classification to be proper and this would represent solid validation of the DEAs potentiality to determine a drugs status and classification.There would be evidence to back this decision. According to the doctors that authored Marijuana and Medicine, more extensive data exists on the harmful effect of marijuana than data on its medical benefits (Joy Stanley, 1999). It is the opinion of these doctors that clinical studies on marijuanas positive and negative effects are difficult to conduct, due to both difficulty in procuring funding and the encumbrances of the many federal regulations involved with such testing (Joy Stanley, 1999). The court could also reach this decision due to the bioethical principle of Nonmaleficence. Under the standards of care, this is the principle that a healthcare provider should not bring harm to a diligent (McCormick, 1998). Should the court determine that not enough evidence exists to support marijuanas medical benefits, it would have to conclude that prescribing marijuana to a patient could lead to their harm.This decision by the court would serve as a strong deterrent to future challenges of the DEAs classifications of drugs. The consequences would be a major setback for advocates of widespread legalization of prescription(prenominal) marijuana. Dismissing the challenge would, for the time being, lay to rest all claims made by Americans for Safe Access. Another solution would be for the district court to decide a reduction in marijuanas drug classification to be justified. For the plaintiffs, reducing marijuanas classification from a Schedule I drug to a lesser controlled substance would be a major step in their ultimate quest to see marijuana legalized for medical use in the remaining 34 states that dont already allow for such use (Press, 2012). Should its classification be reduced to a Schedule II drug, it would then be legal for marijuana to be prescribed to patients in need. Along with the physical medical benefits, reducing marijuanas classification would also lessen the penalties faced by those found in possession of it. Currently, possession of a Schedule I drug can carry a maximum sentence of up to 7 years in prison.Ruling in favor of the plaintiff could indicate that the judges felt the principle of kind-heartedness that a healthcare professional must act to provide medical benefit to a patient is involved (McCormick, 1998). In this case, the benefit to the patient would be relief from pain and protection from harm. A recent petition by Governor and former senator Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island, and Governor Christine Gregoire of Washington filed made the assertion that patients with wicked medical conditions who could benefit from medical use of cannabis do not have a safe and consistent source of the drug as a result of its current classification (Madison, 2011). This ruling could also be a result of the justices deciding that enough trusted medical evidence does in fact exists to support the use of marijuana for medical purposes.According to the book Marijuana Medical Handbook Practical Guide to Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana, some medical marijuana specialists have reported a significantly large inwardness of uses for medical marijuana, ranging from treatment for nausea and convulsions to an appetite stimulant for cancer patients (Gieringer, Rosenthal Carter, 2010) For the Justice Department and Drug Enforcement Administration, seeing marijuanas classification reduced would be a major setback in its efforts to eradicate a drug that Justice Department lawyer Lena Watkins says is the most widely abused drug in the United States, (Press, 2012). A decision against them by the federal court would essentially expunge all of their efforts, along with damaging their ability to make similar determinations in the future.A third solution could be that the court could order the Drug Enforcement Administration to take a more in-depth look at the available evidence (McClathy, 2012). This would be a blow to the DEA, who claims they have spent a substantial amount of time and energy in executing due diligence to determine marijuanas Schedule I classification.It would counter their stance that not enough acceptable evidence and proper studies can be found to support marijuanas medical benefits. In turn, a decision by the court for the DEA to reexamine its evidence could ultimately lead to another challenge for its legalization. Consequently, this same decision would be very positive for Americans for Safe Access. They claim that the DEA has failed to consider notable support for medical marijuana from many respected institutions, all of whom support the reclassification of marijuana (McClathy, 2012).A request by the Court of Appeals for the DEA to reexamine its findings could be due to the principle of respect for autonomy. This principle protects the patients right to make their own informed decisions with regards to treatment (McCormick, 1998). Not having access to the crush evidence as to marijuanas medical benefits could act against this principle. The principle of justice could also play a part in this ruling. A patient in Missouri suffering the same amount of pain as a patient in California, but not having the opportunity to benefit from the same medicinal advancements as a patient in California, might be a constitute a breach of the principle of judgment in the eyeball of the court.Section 3 Decision Statement and Defense Against WeaknessesAfter examining the facts of the case and all possible solutions, the solution to allow for the reduction of marijuanas classification to a Schedule II drug come out s the most prudent. This conclusion was reached for several reasons. Despite the DEAs claims, there appears to be enough acceptable evidence on the ASAs side to support its assertion that marijuana has applicable medical benefits. Cocaine is certainly proven to be a harmful substance when interpreted irresponsibly, yet its remote medical benefits have landed it on the Drug Enforcement Administrations Schedule II. For marijuana to remain on the Schedule I list while cocaine is on Schedule II hardly seems just considering there is even one state that has passed legal medical marijuana legislation. That there is even a small amount of substantial evidence from credible institutions supporting marijuanas medical benefits makes the penalties involved with its possession seem severe.The recent petition sighted earlier by the two governors offers that they have support from many respected institutions, including The American Medical Association, The American College of Physicians, the Rhod e Island Medical Society, the Washington State Medical Association the Washington State Pharmacy (Madison, 2011). All of these institutions are respected, making a decision to dismiss the challenge without even a reexamination seem imprudent. One also cant help but wonder if the DEAs current stance comes from a fear of its potential legalization for recreational use. This solution would also address another important issue in terms of marijuana use, and that would be to provide safe, reliable, regulated use of marijuana for patients who are suffering,, as the governors have suggested (Press, 2012). In conclusion, certainly it seems that the current Schedule 1 classification of marijuana obstructs the medical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice.ReferencesGieringer, D., Rosenthal, E., Carter, G. T. (2010). Marijuana medical handbook, applicative guide to therapeutic uses of marijuana. Oakland Quick American Archives. Joy, J. E., Stanley, J. W. (1999). Marijuana and med icine, assessing the science base. National Academies Press. (Joy Stanley, 1999) Mack, A., Joy, J. E. (2001). Marijuana as medicine?, the science beyond the controversy. Washington, D.C. National Academies Press. (Mack Joy, 2001) Madison, L. (2011, November 30). Govs. chafee, gregoire lobby for reclassification of marijuana. Retrieved from http//www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57334326-503544/govs-chafee-gregoire-lobby-for-reclassification-of-marijuana/? traverse=contentMaincontentBody McClathy, N. (2012, October 12). Medical marijuana case going before court. Maine Sunday Telegram. Retrieved from http//www.pressherald.com/news/medical-marijuana-case-going-before-court_2012-10-13.html McCormick, T. R. (1998). Principles of bioethics. Ethics in edicine University of Washinton School of Medicine, Retrieved from http//depts.washington.edu/bioethx/tools/princpl.html Press, A. (2012, October 16). Federal court considers marijuana classification. Retrieved from http//www.cbsnews.com/83 01-201_162-57533647/federal-court-considers-marijuana-classification/

A burn injuries

A rationalise injuriesInterpretation ExerciseBurn injuries be most often ca apply when the skin comes in direct contact with a naked flame or a hot surface. Scalding can occur when at that place is contact with a hot liquid. There are several other types of burns such as chemical, caused by strong acids or bases, and radiation, the most unremarkably known example being sunburn from UV light.Burns are classified by degree, where severity increases with a gamyer degree. A newer classification arranging separates burns into three categories superficial, partial thickness and full thickness burns. The long-suffering role in the scenario has a full thickness third degree burn. This usually results in loss of the outer skin layer (epidermis) causing the patients skin to be numb and feel hard and leathery to the touch. This degree of burn requires immediate health check attention as they do not heal on their own. Proteins at the site of injury denature and cells eventually die, mark ed by the formation of melanize eschar at the centre of the wound. Once the skin barrier has been broken, the homeostatic functions of the skin are lost. There is rapid loss of body fluid and blood plasm which can sometimes cause visible swelling.As the skin is the bodys first line of defence, burn wound infections correlate with the size of the burn injury. The epidermis everlastingly sheds off and takes harmful bacteria with it. Furthermore, the acidic nature of the skin prevents the entry of microorganisms that generally prefer neutral conditions. Burns are also associated with a dispirited immune response. Given this information, it is no surprise that infection is the principal cause of death in burn victims. As it is a third degree burn, the patient will have spent some time in infirmary where on that point is a greater risk of infection. Patient to patient contact via hospital equipment and staff allows rapid transmission of pathogenic bacteria. The burn wound is a favour able site for opportunistic colonization by pathogens because the eschar provides a moist, protein rich environment which encourages bacterial ontogeny. The excess of necrotic tissue provides a rich growth long suit for the microorganism.In the clinical presentation, the patient complained of fever, chills and an unpleasant smelling discharge from the burn wound. These are all signs of infection so the doctor was correct to prescribe the patient an antibiotic. However, on the basis of the array of microbiology data collected in the laboratory, the doctors prime(a) of antibiotic was incorrect. A two week course of flucloxacillin 500mg was prescribed to the patient to be taken orally 4 times daily. Flucloxacillin is an antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group. It is used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, most comm however Staphylococcus aureus. In the laboratory, the microscopic slide was examined under a microscope using the oil immersion lens. rod shaped microorganisms were observed and they were stained a pink/red distort. This establishs the bacteria present in the pus samples is gram negative. Therefore, flucloxacillin would have no healing(p) military force to the patient as it is only bactericidal against gram-positive cells.The three agar-agar plates were examined and observations on the colour, shape, size and smell of the colonies was noted. There was no visible growth on the Mannitol salt agar (MSA) plate. This type of selective agar is used to isolate Staphylococcus aureus as it inhibits most other bacteria due to its high sodium chloride concentration (7.5 %w/v). The absence of growth on the MSA plate provides further evidence that there is no Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in the patient.The colonies on the cetrimide agar were a pale, cloudy brown colour and gave off the smell of rotting fruit. The use of cetrimide agar as a selective and differential agar allows for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative microorganism. Cetrimide is an ammonia compound which inhibits most bacteria, including some Pseudomonas species (but not P. aeruginosa). It also enhances production of the pigment pyocyanin which results in smart as a whip green colonies. However, some strains of P. aeruginosa do not produce the pigment. The growth on this plate confirmed the pathogen present in the patient is Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the colourless colonies indicate it is a non-pigment producing strain.There was also growth on the MacConkey agar where the colonies were somewhat colourless but had an orange tinge. MacConkey agar is a selective differential medium used to identify gram-negative bacteria and determine whether they are lactose fermenters. Fermenters appear as bright red colonies whilst non-fermenters are relatively colourless. As there was growth on this plate, the microorganism is definitely gram-negative but not a fermenter due to the absence of red colonies. P. aeruginosa does not ferment lactose which explains the colour of the colonies.An oxidase sort was carried out which gave a positive result, indicated by a deep blue colour at the end of the test stick. An oxidase positive microbe possesses the enzyme indispensable in the final stage of respiration to form metabolic water. Only aerobic or facultatively anaerobic microorganisms give a positive result. This biochemical test presents further evidence that P. aeruginosa is the infection causing bacteria because it is an obligate aerobe and therefore possess the cytochrome oxidase enzyme.Broth bottles containing growth medium, a bacterial culture and an antibiotic at five different concentrations (all in g/ml) were observed. Cloudy broth dilutions indicated the bacteria was resistant and was able to grow. Clear broth dilutions showed the bacteria was sensitive to the antibiotic and its growth was inhibited. The bacteria was resistant to erythromycin at all concentrations used (1.25-20g/ml). Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic tie in to penicillin. The results indicate it would have no therapeutic effect if prescribed to the patient. Amoxicillin showed healthful activity against the microorganism at concentrations of 20g/ml and 40g/ml. However, at concentrations above 12g/ml, the bacterium is considered resistant to amoxicillin so it has no therapeutic effect to the patient. Penicillins do not seem to have significant antimicrobial set up for this pathogen which shows the doctor was incorrect in his prescription of flucloxacillin as it is too a member of the penicillin group. The dose of 500mg will unlikely be high enough to be beneficial and any therapeutic doses would be at too high a concentration and therefore impractical.Cefuroxime, a second generation cephalosporin, was stiff at concentrations of 16g/ml and 32g/ml. Again, this was above the intermediate concentration range so does not benefit the patient. A newer generation cephalosporin may need to be used as they provid e coverage against a broader spectrum of bacteria. The broth dilution containing ticarcillin was clear at concentrations of 8g/ml and 16g/ml. The intermediate concentration range for this drug is 10-20g/ml so the minimum inhibitory concentration is 8g/ml. This drug is a carboxypenicillin a sub group of the penicillin family. The bacteria showed moderate sensitivity to the drug but only at fairly high concentrations. Amikacin was also effective below its intermediate range (6-10g/ml) and inhibited bacterial growth at concentrations of 4g/ml, 6g/ml and 8g/ml. Amikacin is an aminoglycoside and is a suitable antibiotic to use against this pathogen as it showed high sensitivity to the drug.The doctors choice of antimicrobial therapy will not be beneficial to the patient as flucloxacillin is effective against gram-positive bacteria only and the patient is infected with gram-negative P. aeruginosa. Unnecessary use of this antibiotic could cause bacterial resistance. P. aeruginosa is natu rally resistant to a astray range of antibiotics and thus infections where it is the causative agent can be difficult to treat. Broad-spectrum agents are required as they are the only drugs which provide coverage against the bacteria. The patient could be treated with an aminoglycoside such as amikacin. Gentamicin could also be used but the experimental data shows the pathogen is definitely sensitive to amikacin and studies have set that P. aeruginosa is more likely to develop resistance to gentamicin than amikacin. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal and act by interfering with the bacterial ribosome, leading to incorrect reading of courier RNA. This would be used along with a third generation cephalosporin such as ceftazidime. Carboxypenicillins could also be used (e.g. ticarcillin) but they have only moderate activity against Pseudomonas species and research has shown that bacteria quickly develop resistance to them. Third generation cephalosporins provide coverage against P. aeru ginosa, unlike 1st and second generation which have a more limited spectrum of activity. They are also bactericidal and exert their effect by interfering with cell wall synthesis. Although there is no significant evidence of the benefits to using the two drugs in combination, it is rational to do so as it prevents the emergence of mutant genes resistant to one of the agents. some(prenominal) drugs are also thought to have a synergistic effect when used together. Neither of these drugs are absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract so essential(prenominal) be administered via the parenteral route. Amikacin is given via intramuscular injection at a dose of 15mg/kg daily in two divided doses. The dose must be decided carefully as high levels of amikacin in the blood stream can cause damage to the ear (ototoxicity). Ceftazidime is given by intravenous infusion at a dose of approximately 2g every 12 hours, depending on the severity of the infection.In summary, the available microbiology data indicates that the doctors presumptive diagnosing was incorrect and that the patient has a burns infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The absence of growth on the MSA plate disproved the idea of a staph aureus related infection. Gram-negative rods observed on the slide and growth on the MacConkey agar clarified that the microorganism was gram-negative. Growth on the cetrimide agar plate confirmed the front end of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the patients pus sample. Examination of the broth dilutions helped determine a suitable combination of antibiotics for the patient to take. These would be need therapeutic and possess antimicrobial activity against the pathogen, unlike the doctors prescription of flucloxacillin. Use of a third generation cephalosporin with an aminoglycoside should effectively clear up the infection in the patient future(a) completion of the course of antibiotics.

The problem with Management of Police Corruption

The problem with Management of guard CorruptionIntroductionPolice putrefaction is a problem facing many global law en pull inment systems. Most countries argon faced with challenges of dealing with corrupt legal philosophy women and men who undermine enforcement of the law. Police depravation involves acts of misconduct aimed at obtaining personal benefits, financial gain or advancement in c beers which are performed in exchange for selectively pursuing or non pursuing an arrest or investigation (Peter 74). thither are many forms of police corruption and unrivaled of the most common is acceptance of bribes in wander to ignore arrest or investigation of accredited criminal activities. In the US, this form of corruption is seen where organized crime such as prostitution or drug activities are concerned. A nonher common form of police corruption in particular in the US is flouting conduct and procedures to gain conviction of a suspect. This whitethorn take the form of falsifying render which implicates a suspect. In rare cases, police participate in criminal activities.Most law enforcement agencies do not state statistics of police corruption due to fear of loss of public support for the force in armed combat crime. However, it is acknowledged that police corruption is one of the greatest obstacles to fighting of crime. It is even harder to fight organized crimes since in many cases police officers receive payment to protect the criminals. In countries such as Mexico, fighting drug use is a serious problem since most police officers are corrupt and protect the drug lords. This paper will evaluate poli8ce corruption, the forms it takes and stamp down recommendations which should be implemented in order to end the vice and ensure equal application of the law. The discussed issues will be summarized at the end.Forms of police corruptionThere are various forms of police corruption which are witnessed in the police force. These will be briefly discussed below Opportunistic theftsThis is a form of police corruption where officers worry in theft whenever they encounter an opportunity which facilitates the same. This is a major challenge facing the police force since it is difficult to prove opportunist thefts by police officers in coquettes of law. An example of an opportunistic theft may occur when officers rec everyplace stolen property or money but intentionally undervalue it in order to keep some for themselves. Others may arrive at accident scenes or murder scenes and steal valuables from the injured or dead. In certain cases, police officers steal money or valuables from people they arrest. Such forms of corruption are difficult to prosecute since in most cases there are some if any witnesses who witness the crime (Roleff 16-18).Protection of bootleg activitiesProtection of illegal activities is one of the greatest challenges facing established law enforcement agencies across the world. There are many police officers who are inv olved in protecting perpetrators of organized crime and in many cases, such officers have high trust. This makes it difficult for next-to-last officers to arrest and prosecute such offenders (Jerome 8). Organized crimes such as sale of drugs, prostitution, human trafficking and gambling usually thrive due to protection from police officers. normally officers are offered cash incentives or other benefits which compromise their principles. In yet other cases, police officers are either blackmailed or threatened with harm to their families or themselves in order to guarantee their protection of illegal activities. Such forms of police corruption are also difficult to prove in a court of law since organized criminals are usually intelligent and hide their activities very efficiently. Police officers who protect them also make prosecuting such criminals very difficult.Corruption of authorityThis is a form of corruption which involves the reception of free meals, drinks and gratitude f rom people the police are supposed to serve. This form of corruption may or may not be originally be intended to corrupt the police officer. both(prenominal)times the public gives officers free gifts as a means of appreciation for services rendered. However, over time, this culture leads to corruption in the police force since officers feel obliged to serve people who reward them more efficiently than those who do not (Punch 53-58). Some corrupt individuals may also use such gifts as a means of blackmailing officers to perform specific services which may not be lawful. numerous police departments have outlawed the reception of gifts of any form by police officers from the people they serve.Direct criminal activitiesThere are cases where law enforcers including policemen straight off commit crimes which they are supposed to prevent. Such police officers commit crimes while disguised as civilians and this makes it difficult for other law enforcers to arrest and prosecute them. Poli ce officers have sophisticated training beyond that possessed by ordinary civilians and they are likely to leave little evidence when committing crimes which creates a challenge of prosecuting officers who engage in crime. Some officers have also been known to lend their weapons or uniforms to criminals who may commit crimes which masquerading as police officers. Other collaborate with criminals to commit crimes especially crimes involving stealing of large sums of money such as money escort services. Police officers who commit crimes are usually sacked fro the force and prosecuted as civilians. However, as was previously mentioned, their knowledge of handling weapons and gathering evidence makes tracking and prosecuting such officers difficult.Sabotaging criminal casesThis is a serious form of police corruption which involves directly sabotaging evidence or court processes in order to ensure that a particular suspect is found not guilty and released. Some officers tamper with evide nce self-collected or intentionally do not follow rules of gathering evidence in order to ensure that suspects are released on a technicality. Other do not attend court sessions when summoned in order to ensure that there is inadequate evidence against a suspect. In extreme cases, officers have been known to attend the escape of suspects from custody. All these are serious offences since they undermine the justice system and prevent guilty people from being prosecuted for crimes committed.Solutions for preventing corruption in the police forceThere are various recommendations which may be useful in discouraging police officers from facilitating or engaging in criminal activities. These will be discussed belowLegislationLegislation is one of the most potent check marks to crime. Harsh fines and sentences usually deter criminals from engaging in criminal activities. This form of deterrence also applies to corrupt police officers. Heavy punishment and fines against police officers who are proved to be corrupt in court will act as deterrent to other officers who are considering engaging in criminal activities. Legislators should pass laws which win stiff sentences to officers who engage in corruption. Local police departments should also develop uncollectible policies which discourage corruption against police officers. These policies should encourage the sacking of officers who are found to have engaged in corruption at any level. This will encourage officers to follow their code of conduct and observe equal application of the law to all.Effective remunerationIn many countries, police officers are underpaid and they are compel to work in dangerous conditions with little or no incentives. In fact, many officers are unable to cater for the basic needs of their families on their income unaccompanied and they are forced to supplement their income with income from other activities. This is one major factor which encourages police corruption. Many officers enga ge in corruption due to an inability to sire their families with the income they earn (Tim 31-37). They are forced to engage in illegal activities in order to supplement income. Effective remuneration of officers including adequate allowances will reduce their indigence to engage in corruption and it is likely to reduce cases of police corruption significantly.Sensitizing police and the publicPolice and the public should be sensitized on the adverse effects of corruption in the police force as a long term theme to police corruption. This is the most effective solution to the problem of police corruption. The police should be informed that corruption goes against the oath they took and that it destroys the fabric of society. They should also be aware of the consequences of being caught practicing corruption. The public should also be made aware of the harm caused to society by collaborating with corrupt police. They should understand that corruption within the police force makes so ciety unsafe and causes an upsurge in criminal activities (Prenzler Ransley 78-83). Community policing should be encouraged and communication avenues given to the public to report corrupt police women and men.Recording strive with publicRecording contact between officers and the public is very effective in reducing corruption. Many officers are unlikely to engage in corruption if they are aware that their actions are being recorded. This is an effective strategy which has worked well in the US where police cars have cameras which record contact between such officers and the public. However, it must be note that this is not a very effective long term solution to corruption in the police force since police have devised other methods of practicing corruption away from the glare of the camera. It must also be noted that such recordings are usually effective when police officers are dealing with relatively little offences such as traffic offenses.Summary and conclusionPolice corrupti on has been seen to be a serious problem affecting society. Although there are hardly a(prenominal) statistics on police corruption, the effects of police corruption are clear to all. Various types of police corruption have been discussed and these include opportunistic thefts, protection of illegal activities, corruption of authority, direct criminal activities and sabotaging criminal cases. These forms of corruption lead to an increase in crime and few prosecutions of criminals. Solutions to the problem of police corruption include legislation, effective remuneration, sensitizing police and the public and recording contact with public. Once these recommendations are implemented, cases of police corruption will drastically reduce.

The changing face of UK Fashion retailing market

The changing face of UK Fashion selling martThe habiliment retail constancy has been and is undergoing significant changes resulting from processes of globalisation, changes in consumer hold as hale as changing corporate activities in damage of strategic marting decisions. The UK clothing retail industry has experienced significant yield which has focused attention on studies in the field with this sphere of influence being considered as the one of the most competitive markets in Europe. This is primarily as a result of the concentrated power of larger retailers such as attach Spencer. One prime issue as a result of globalisation is that in that respect ar more and more retailers sourcing globally aiming to provide competitive expenditures and part products in the market. Marks Spencer as such then is challenged by this trend oddly from rival discount and supermarket competitors.Research MethodThe basis of the primary research conducted in this brief was delivering a questionnaire based survey delivered at four-spot retail outlets two of which were Asda and two of which were Marks and Spencer. Opportunistic sampling was used in that customers were approached in the store as they entered and left the premises and asked would they participate. A target of blow questionnaires to be completed at all(prenominal) store was decided on to achieve a healthy sample size yielding useable results for the analysis. The questionnaire had four sections. The first of these sought general demographic information such as age and sex, the second section sought information related to the frequency of shop at the stores as well as frequency of shopping elsewhere. The third section sought altitudinal information related to reasons for purchase in the respective(prenominal) stores while the fourth section and the fourth section sought information on preferences in call of shopping specifically related to the variables of quality, price and the retail milieu. D ata was entered into SPSS and analysed according to the objectives of the instruction.Permission to conduct the questionnaires were sought be local managers in the first instance though for two of the stores further permission had to be sought be regional managers. All respondents were advised of the anonymity of participating in the research and the results of the research were excessively offered to the managers involved in order to development the chances of successfully gaining permission to conduct the research. Surveying was conducted during a weekday and at a weekend time in order to enhance the representativeness of the sample in hurt of people working and varying their shopping times.Comparison of marketing mix in George at Asda and Marks SpencerOverall 412 questionnaires were completed but 12 of these were get rid of due to incomplete or incorrect completed parts. Of the 400 68% were effeminate and 32% male. The age breakdown of the sample showed that some 38% of th e jibe was between the ages of 26-32 or over although in the issue of Marks and Spencer shopper the proportion of shoppers in this age group was higher being 49%. Also Asda had a higher proportion of shoppers between the ages of 18-21 than Marks and Spencer the variants being 19% and 9% respectively. Over 90% of the total sample had shopped more than once in each of the stores at bottom the previous month with 45% shopping at least twice a week in either Asda or Marks and Spencer.Of worry was the result that 40% of Marks and Spencer customers indicated that they would shop there regularly (at least once a week) while the figure for Asda was 29%. This may be an indicant of punishinger strike off loyalty for Marks and Spencer in some respects but geniused(p) further results examined below may be under threat given attitudinal results related to price and quality.ProductThe UK clothing retail industry has grown in recent years and reached a judge of $38.7 gazillion in 2004 which delineate an increase of 3.7% over the previous year. Womens smash was one of the fastest growing areas in the sector (Datamonitor, 2005). However it is claimed that the growth in r nonethelessues within this industrial sector will slow down mainly due to the impact of discount and jimmy adding retailers offering clothing goods at lower prices forcing prices down overall within the industry. Clear indications of this trend can be seen in this case domain in that George at Asda and its range achieved significant growth and success compared to overall declining lucrativeness within Marks and Spencer. Since the introduction of clothing ranges by the supermarket in 1990 its product categories exhaust expanded to include womens resist, mens wear and infants-wear. Marks Spencer has operated in the marketplace for decades and offers akin(predicate) product ranges.While 49% respondents indicated a preference for shopping in Asda for womens clothes 51.2% of customers chose Mark s Spencers to purchase womens products. It is obvious that there is slight difference in the choice of product range yet the results in addition suggest that there a significant percentage (60%) of customers chose George at Asda primarily to buy childrens clothes and in particular to buy items such as school uniforms. One of the main reasons for this arguably can be explained by the lower price yet likely quality design of the Georges range. Especially for younger children where school uniforms would be discarded in a relatively short time due to the children growing the price of products offered by Asda can be said to be a significant attractive featuring influencing purchasing decisions.It has been reported that the childrens wear sector in the UK grew by 3% and reached a value of $4.7 billion in 2004. This phenomenon is perhaps attributable to the success of discount stores and supermarket operators who are able to provide cheaper childrens wear at reasonable quality levels (D atamonitor, 2005). From a macro perspective however the decline of birth rates in Britain has resulted in the expectation of a future decline in childrens wear gross sales. Hence arguably over the longer term it may be the case that with possible future declining sales that this sector will baffle even more competitive and quite feasibly the number of operators will be reduced in retail childrens wear.Evidence from this case study suggested that childrens wear product ranges delineated 27% of customers purchases in Asdas compared to 10% in MS. Additionally supermarket as generally a daily shopping preference for food provided a relatively accessible shopping environment for women and in particular working women to purchase childrens clothes.This was indicated by some 59% of respondents at the Asda stores stating they had or were intending to purchase items other than clothes as well. It is reasonable to say that as a result of changing roles for women in both social and economic contexts there is increase pressure such as reduced times available for shopping for women as discussed in literature review. These new consumer behavioural characteristics have resulted in changing retailing forms in the clothing industry to which new entrants such as supermarkets like Asda have capitalised on and responded to quickly as they emerge.In addition more men have become involved in clothing buying behaviour illustrated by the mens wear sector growing 5% in 2004 (Datamonitor, 2005). It was interesting to examine the results of this case study in the comparison of consumer preferences towards mens wear at Asda and MS. In this research 46% chose MS when purchasing mens wear as op pose to 33% in Asda. It is useful to look at this trend in understanding the changing features of the UK clothing retail market bearing in mind major impacts on consumer behaviour within the sector. Firstly Mark Spencer have exploited a branding strategy which established a reputation for high quality goods for a bulky period of time.As a result of price wars between supermarkets and value adding discount stores MS has aimed to focus on quality in order to sort it from rivals and position the store further in terms of exclusive designs as well as quality products. However its advertising campaign with the tagline exclusively for everyone which was launched five years ago has been demonstrated to have mostly failed with customers turning away from the retailer because of its high prices to lower cost offerings in other retailers (Gardner, 2004). The high figure though mentioned above for MS respondents relating to whether they would shop in the future in the stores perhaps indicates that MS still retains a sizable customer base from which it could attain on. However the validity of this assumption can be challenged given the size of the sample of this research and would need further investigation on a larger sample to confirm or deny.As such while MS seems to have fai led in maintaining competitive advantage through emphasising quality its supermarket rival Asda has also introduced designer ranges and positioned itself in terms of good design as well as lower price offerings. It is fair to argue then perhaps that MS will not improve its performance by challenging its supermarket rival on pricing and batch. Hence one response has seen MS switching to a branding strategy. Secondly as outlined in the literature review purchasing clothing products should not be seen as indicative of normal goodness buying behaviour because it is to a large extent it is linked with extrinsic factors such as culture and social status which in turn makes the value of brand names an essential element of clothing goods (Entwistle, 2000).Davies (1998) claims that the marketing of own brands is a feature of modern multiple retailing which can also be seen in this case study. Retailers such as Marks Spencer have created brand images by advertising their own products and i n the meantime transferred this brand equity into the physiological products in their stores. The costs of branding to the retailer are lower than that of marketing other manufacturers brands. This contributes to an understanding and explanation of attitudes towards mens wear purchasing behaviour which in this case saw the brand name of Marks Spencer as a quality clothing producer helping the retailer maintain a critical market parting in the mens wear sector. It perhaps also demonstrates that men are less sensitive about price in purchasing clothing goods than female consumers in that brand name and perceptions of quality influence their decision making processes.Jobber (2001) argues that price is often used as an important indicator by customers during the decision making process hence it is useful for devise retailers who exploit pricing overlyls to create impacts on customers at the perception and evaluation stages of the purchasing process. As Britains biggest clothing ret ailer Marks Spencer has established its brand image traditionally on the basis of providing quality clothing goods reflected in higher pricing reassert as being good value for money given the quality of the product. In contrast competition at the discount and value adding clothing ingredient of the market has generated significant threats to MS not only from discount retailers such as Primark but more importantly from new supermarket operators. In this case study George at Asda was chosen in order to provide a useful time period of view in understanding the changing environmental contexts of clothing retailing.With a turnover of 8301.5 Marks Spencers is one of the major clothing retailers occupying a commanding position in the middle market level (FAME, 2005). It is reported though that Marks Spencer has continuously lost market share due to intense competition in the UK clothing retail industry as well as from threats posed by new entrants such as George at Asda which has pro ven to be a highly successful entrant with the company reporting revenues of $26 billion by the end of January 2005 a significant increase of 19.8% compared to 2004 (Datamonitor, 2005). In contrast to George at Asda, Marks Spencer saw a decrease of 2.6% in revenues with operating simoleons falling to $1.3 billion in 2005 (Datamonitor, 2005). According to this research customers switched from Marks Spencer to cheaper retailers where quality levels were perceived as being relatively high with George at Asda being for 61% their first choice. The extremely low price of designer products helped Asda penetrate the clothing retail sector successfully and effectively. It is fair to say that international sourcing and effective allow chain management contributed to a significant degree to the competitive prices in its clothing sector in the same manner as its grocery section.It is also interesting to note that although more than 40% of customers believed that Marks Spencer maintained a better quality level for clothing product ranges based on its reputation and effective quality control programs only 31% respondents considered clothing products at MS as good value for money. As such then the price war between supermarkets and discount stores have driven down the market price for clothing products while improvement of quality in both retailing sectors has become essential in the overall value adding process. As a result as one of the main middle market players Marks Spencer has been be both at price and quality levels. A strong financial background enabled Asda to achieve economies of scale and benefits from its integrated supply chain. The power of Asda as a retailing giant helped it negotiate with global suppliers for lower costs which as a result lowered final prices for consumers.Particularly in recent strategies by employing designers the creation of brand name and image of George at Asda contributed to its competitive capabilities. This point of view corres ponded to earlier research discussed on consumer behaviour towards clothing buying which suggested that customers are particularly sensitive to price regardless of brand names yet in considering any extra value perceived in a brand name with the purchase customers became less sensitive to this element. This is able to help explain the strategic decision for Asda in building the brand name George at the sign stages of entering this very competitive market. Reflecting this it has been reported that MS had lost its place as the UKs biggest clothes retailer to its supermarket rival Asda. with MSs volume share of the clothing and footwear market remaining static at 9.1% while Asdas George label increased its share from 7.3% to 9.4% in 2004 (Barnes, 2004).As a result the supermarket has grown to be Britains biggest clothing retailer after figures produced by Taylor Nelson Sofres which pointed to the volume of the George range at Asda rising to 9.4% compared with MSs share which was stati c at 9.1%. However in terms of sales by value MS is still the market leader beating the Wal Mart-owned supermarket by 3 billion pound (Gardner, 2004). It is thus expected this represents a significant change in the retailing market particularly in consideration of the middle to value adding discount clothing market. This corresponds closely to arguments reviewed in the literature section which suggests that further casualties in the Mid-market and Value Clothing sector are expected driven by increasing competitive levels (Collins, 2005).Supply Chain Management franchising, merchandising and distributionSince the mid 1990s there has been an evolution in the UK clothing retail industry which has seen increases in both offshore sourcing and international expansion (Jones, 2002). In terms of local apparel manufacturers sales are focused on a some large buyers and Lustgarten (1975) has found that concentration ratios of major buyers have a significant impact on profit margins in the ind ustry. In the case of Marks Spencer its strong position in the supply chain gave them strong negotiation abilities in the sourcing process but the trends of offshore production and overseas sourcing by other retailers has created life-or-death threats and challenges. The fast fashion strategy introduced by George at Asda in 1990 depends on effective supply chain management especially in the management of sourcing afield to reduce production costs. Additionally the Wal-Mart owned supermarket enjoys economies of scale from its large number of suppliers globally and as a result good design and fast fashion goods could be transported to supermarkets rapidly as with its grocery products. However for Marks Spencer as one of the UKs leading retailers the franchising group acts in a revolutionary mental object in seeking to respond to these trends effectively (Whitehead, 1991).Marks Spencer has attempted to reduce stock hold by improving the efficiency of its logistics management in t erms of lead times through promotional sales for stock goods (Benady, 2005). However the results here were disappointing particularly in relation to womens wear. Market share reprehensible by 5% and UK retail sales fell by 1.7% (Benady, 2005). The problematic aspect of this can be found in the supply chain where too complex a design in the production process and inefficient management strategies resulted in the decrease. Results in this research shows that respondents believed merchandise in the basic sales floor in MS was characterised by a lack of a clear marketing image and that the product ranges were too complex. The retailer has sought to overturn down on its sub-brands and volume of stock held in order to introduce fashionable products at competitive prices in a shorter time. However it has been a point of concern that the management of its supply chain relied on management consultants rather than sales figures and marketing research on customer preferences. Consequently wh ile UK womens wear sales grew by 4.9% Marks Spencer suffered decreases in terms of market share and operating revenues leading to reduced profitability.Due to the changing nature of the UK clothing retail industry there are revolutionary changes occurring in the supply chain sector. The most important element here can be seen as the increasing amount of sourcing activities from cheaper overseas suppliers such as Eastern European countries as well as far Eastern regions. Additionally bearing in mind the key features of clothing products the principle of shortened response is an integral element of the sector. This is to say lead times in terms of design, production, transportation as well as merchandising have become shorter. In turn benefiting from significant declines in stock holding numbers as well as risks linked with mark down sales clothing retailers are able to provide new ranges products within several weeks with maintained profit margins. As Porter (1980) suggests industri al performance is largely influenced by levels of competition and this is the case for the UK clothing retail sector. The position of Marks Spencer is not only challenged by competitors within the same market level such as Next but also from rivals in the value adding discount marketplace including Primark, New Look. Entrants such as Asda into this industry have likewise created evolutionary changes in terms of marketing strategies as well as revolutionary supply chain management changes.The existing retail environment in which 72.5% clothiong sales went through larger retailers since 1998 is expected to continue however the battle for market share and sales among large retailers has become more intensive (Retail Intelligence, 1999). The tables below suggest that while the price of clothing is approximately the same in considering inflation prices of clothing have decreased. The speed element linked with purchasing has also decreased dramatically. This reflects both the new charact eristics of modern consumers who have less time for shopping but who are also more demanding in terms of price, quality and style and the strategic choice by retailers in introducing fast fashion and effective supply chain management in order to carry through this new demand.

ACG 2021, Introduction to Financial Accounting, Fall 2000, Exam 2 Explanations :: UFL Florida Business Accounting

ACG 2021Fall 2000 Exam 2Answer Key ExplanationBased on the Order of Version A1) A delimit contri hardlyion program is one with Regular, defined contributions to thefund. The fund balance changes in value with the accumulation of contributions andearnings and is decreased by benefits paid. Benefits received depend on the fund balanceavailable at retirement. (9-21 in the arguments on page 247)2) This is an error because ordinary repairs (ones that do not increase the original usefullife, competency or capacity of the asset) ar to be treated as expenses and entirely reportedon the income statement in the year they are incurred. This error mislead assets byadding the $3,000 to the asset account incorrectly and understated N.I. by failing torecord the $3,000 as an expense.3) If the bonds are selling at 98 ($24,625,000) then they are selling at a discount. Thismeans that the market rate is higher than the stated rate. When the bonds were issued themarket rate was the same as the state d rate so the market rate must have increased.(10-20 in the notes on page 274)4) Here we need to consider two issues. Interest is not capitalized when an asset ispurchased but it is capitalized when the company constructs its own asset (only for theperiod of construction). These concepts are discussed in chapter 8. Inventory is not acapital asset and therefore does not include financial support costs.(8-3 on page 193 and 8-7 on page 197).5) Financial Leverage is Average Total Assets/ Average Stockholders Equity. Itmeasures how many dollars of assets are employed for each dollar of stockholderinvestment. It can be increased by increased borrowing or repurchasing outstandingstock. In laymens terms it is the proper use of debt to bring a higher return to owners.(Page 266 of the book, letter C of the ROE Profit Driver Analysis)6) 8) Segments that are used to answer the three questions have boxes around them.Using the utile method (assumed unless stated otherwise)Interest Expense = Be ginning Carrying Value x Market Rate(Carrying Value = Face Value ignore)The Present Value of the note isP.V. = 400,000 x factor (using single sum table where i=8 and n=3).317,520 = 400,000 x 7.938 (the attached table has 7.9383 on it but this gives a get along close enough to be able to pick 317,520)The following journal entries would be made throughout the life of the note1/1/00Equipment 317,520Discount 82,480Notes Payable 400,00012/31/00Interest Expense 25,402* (Question (8))Discount 25,402*1/1/00 Carrying value of 317,520 (400,000 82,480) x .

Holdens Depression in Catcher in the Rye Essay -- J. D. Salinger

The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, portrays Holden Caulfield as a manic-depressive. Holden uses three techniques throughout the novel to cope with his depression. He smokes, drinks, and talks to Allie. Although they may not be positive, Holden finds comfort in these three things.Holden smokes a lot when he is nervous, or bored. When the stripper is in his room he noticed that she is shaking her base as if she is nervous. He offers her a cigarette, twice. Both times she says no. Holden offers Sunny the cigarette because he thinks it would calm her down, like cigarettes calm him down when he is nervous. I sat in the chair for a while and smoked a couple of cigarettesboy, I felt miserable (98). The smoking habit may constitute come from his mother. Holden says his mother smokes a ton when she is nervous (158). Holden does this when he is nervous too. The additive nicotine calms a persons nerves when they smoke. He continues to smoke when he is nervous, and if one cigarette doe snt do it, hell smoke another making him an avid chain smoker. He smoked two packs in the early few d...